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Nerve Impulses

How does an impulse travel along a nerve pathway? Review “Best of”, filling in your notes as you go. Effector Interneuron Motor neuron Receptor Sensory neuron Stimulus C B F D E A

• Nerve impulses have a domino effect. • Through a chain of chemical events, the dendrites pick up an impulse that’s shuttled through the axon and transmitted to the next neuron.

The entire impulse passes through a neuron in about 7 milliseconds- faster than a lightning strike. Introductory animation

Step 1 Resting Potential (the nerve fiber is not sending a signal) • Na. K pumps in the cell membrane actively transport 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions pumped into the cell • The result- the interior of the cell is negatively charged with respect to the exterior- polarization • Resting potential animation and quiz

Step 2 Depolarization • A threshold stimulus is received. (the stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse) • Na+ channels in the membrane open and Na+ diffuses inward depolarizing the membrane

• What charge are sodium ions? • + • What will happen to the charge inside of the neuron? • It will become more + Depolarization animation

Step 3 Repolarization • K+ channels in the membrane open • K+ diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane • Repolarizing animation

Step 4 Action Potential • The resulting action potential causes a local bioelectric current that stimulates adjacent portions of the membrane • The wave of action potential travels the length of the nerve fiber as a nerve impulse • Action potential propagation animation

Summary of Nerve Impulse • Nerve impulse summary video

Dramatizing an Action Potential 1. What is the name of the stimulus that causes an action potential? Threshold stimulus!!!! 2. What happens to the charge during an action potential? +++ ------- +++ ---+++ ------++++ +++ ------- +++ ---

Dramatizing an Action Potential Resting 1. What part of the neuron does this rectangle represent? Neuron Cell Body 3. During rest, what is the charge on the outside of the cell membrane? +++ ++++ +++ 2. What branch is this? Axon +++ ++++ +++ ++

Complete Nerve Impulse Homework

The Synapse • A synapse or synaptic cleft is a gap that separates the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron. • *Neurons do not touch. • Chemicals carry messages across the synapse.

Structures of the synapse 1 Presynaptic cell 2 Synaptic knob 3 7 5 4 6 8 Postsynaptic cell Axon, Dendrite, Mitochondria, Neurotransmitter, Receptor site, Synaptic cleft, Synaptic knob, Synaptic vesicle

What’s happening? Arrival of the nerve impulse

Arrival of the nerve impulse Opening of the calcium channels Binding of Ca 2+ to synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter released into the gap Neurotransmitter binds to receptor Na+ enter the Ligand-gated channel Action potential generated in postsynaptic neuron

The synapse animation

Synaptic transmission Excitatory • “+” charged ions are released into postsynaptic neuron • May trigger a nerve impulse Inhibitory • “-” charged ions are released into postsynaptic neuron • Less likely a threshold stimulus will be reached

Something else to think about…. . The synaptic knobs of a thousand or more neurons may communicate with the dendrites and cell body of a single postsynaptic neuron. What will happen if both excitatory and inhibitory signals are received?

Dendrite Dramatize it! neurotransmitters receptor Na+ receptor Axon synapse Cell Body Needed: Presynaptic Neuron Dendrite (1 student) Cell Body (1 student) Axon (Row 3) Calcium (1 student) Synaptic Vesicles (4 students) Neurotransmitters (2 students) Dendrite Cl- Cell Body Synaptic knob Postsynaptic Neuron Receptors (4 students) Sodium Ion (1 -2 students) Chlorine Ion (1 -2 student) Dendrite Branch (3 students) Cell body (1 student)