Upcoming Deadlines Pick up a clicker Second Homework

Upcoming Deadlines Pick up a clicker. Second Homework (Mini-portfolio): Due Thursday, Aug. 30 th (This week) 10 points (5 points if late) Third Homework (Shooting Reference) Due Tuesday, Sept. 4 th (Next week) For full schedule, visit course website: Animation 123. com

Homework Assignment #2 Make an entry in your course blog called "Mini. Portfolio" to post images and movies showing some examples of your work in animation or illustration (if any). Also tell me a little bit about yourself, such as your major, what courses you've taken in art and in science, what you're taking now, what you're interested in doing when you finish school, etc.

Homework #2 (cont. ) You will not be graded on the quality of the work; some of you have extensive portfolios while others are just starting (or have no experience at all). The purpose of this assignment is two-fold: First, it gives you some practice editing your blog, in particular uploading images and movies. Second, it gives me (and your classmates) a chance to get to know you.

Homework #2 (cont. ) Assignment Checklist * Created post entitled "Mini-Portfolio" on your personal blog for this course. * Uploaded at least two images, preferably but not necessarily your own work. * Uploaded at least one video clip, preferably but not necessarily your own work. * Included a paragraph describing yourself, especially your academic work.

Homework #2 (cont. ) This assignment is due by 8 am on Thursday, August 30 th (This week) Don’t forget to visit the course website and go to the Assignment section to submit the URL for the blog post with your mini-portfolio.

Extra Credit Opportunity Attend a screening at the SF Shorts International Film Festival, San Francisco. Festival runs Sept. 6 -8 th Turn in proof of attendance (ticket receipt) for 10 points extra credit. For info: www. sfshorts. org

Extra Credit Opportunity Visit the Cartoon Art Museum in SF to see the Avengers Assemble! exhibition. Exhibit runs until Oct. 7 th Turn in proof of attendance (ticket receipt) for 10 points extra credit. For info: cartoonart. org

i>Clickers We will be using i>Clickers for class participation. Keep your clicker and bring it with you to every class. At the end of the semester you will return the clicker.

Using your i>Clicker Turn on your clicker. Should see: AA [Clicker ID Number] Then POA 123 Then READY

Survey Question What is your major? A) Animation / Illustration major B) Art major but not A / I C) Science or engineering major D) None of the above Enter your answer Will see a check mark Can change answer

Survey Question How much time did you spend on the first homework (create a blog)? A) Less than 30 minutes B) An hour or so C) Several hours D) Did not get it done yet Get participation points for survey questions, regardless of your answer.

Survey Question You have already done the second homework (mini-portfolio). True (Press A) or False (Press B)

Registering your Clicker After today’s class, go online and register your clicker at: http: //www. iclicker. com/support/registeryourclicker/ This link is also listed on the course website. Put your name and phone number on your clicker (use masking tape) in case you misplace it.

Clicker Questions in Class Keep your clicker handy during class; you’ll be asked quiz questions from time to time. During these quizzes you may talk to other persons to discuss the question. The point is for you to learn rather than just testing. May turn off clicker between questions. Each class will start with a survey question and quiz questions so be on time!

Physics of Falling Part I

Ball Drop Animation Exercise Typically the first example one looks at in animation is falling motion, such as a falling ball. In this exercise, the drawing couldn’t be simpler. It’s just the same round ball in every drawing. Nevertheless, animating the ball so that it moves realistically can still be a challenge. But the challenge is not in how you draw the ball but where it is drawn on each frame.

Ball Drop in Animation Books The ball drop is discussed in every major textbook for animation. Why is this example considered so important?

It’s all in the timing… An essential element of animation is the timing and spacing between drawings “It’s not important what goes on each frame of film; it’s the spaces between the frames that are important. “ Norman Mc. Laren Oscar winning animator of Neighbors

Principles of Animation In The Illusion of Life, Frank Thomas and Olie Johnston list a set of basic principles for animation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Squash & Stretch 7. Slow In and Slow Out Timing 8. Arcs Anticipation 9. Exaggeration Staging 10. Secondary Action Follow Through 11. Appeal & Overlapping Action 6. Straight Ahead & Pose-to-Pose Action

Principles of Timing and Spacing The principles of timing and spacing used to create a believable ball drop apply to many other types of motion, even character animation such as a jumping cat or effects animation such as a stream of water.

Timing: Frames, Keys, & Clocks We use three different ways of measuring time: • Frames (intervals of 1/24 th of a second) • Keys (given number of frames between poses) • Clocks (actual seconds as measured by a clock) For example, you may “slug out” a scene using a stop watch, then convert that into a number of key poses, which appear as frames on your dope sheet (also called an exposure sheet or X sheet).

Frames per Second (FPS) Frame rate is measured in frames per second (FPS). Two common frame rates: 24 FPS – Used in film 30 FPS – Used in video We will always use 24 FPS in our examples and convert to video frame rate if needed. (4 Frames of Film) = (5 Frames of Video)

Frames between Keys Here are the key poses in a jump with the drawings “shot on threes”, that is, three frames per drawing. #3 #2 #1 #4 #5 IMPORTANT: For simplicity, in all our examples the key poses will always have an equal number of frames between each key.

Dope Sheets Dope sheets (also called exposure sheets or X-sheets) are used by animators to tabulate which drawing goes on which frame. #3 Dope Sheet Frame Key 1 #1 2 | 3 | 4 #2 5 | 6 | 7 #3 8 | #2 #4 #1 An animator using a dope sheet, including dialogue analysis and thumbnail storyboard sketches. #5

Uniform Motion The simplest type of motion is uniform motion; a heavy ball rolling on a table is a good example. In uniform motion, the velocity is constant so the spacing from frame to frame is constant. Larger the spacing, the faster the ball is moving.

Uniform Motion & Speed The timing and spacing determine speed. This bowling ball is 12 inches in diameter with two frames per drawing (shooting on twos). What is the speed of the bowling ball? 10 miles per hour 7 inches per frame 20 miles per hour 15 inches per frame 30 miles per hour 22 inches per frame 40 miles per hour 29 inches per frame 50 miles per hour 37 inches per frame 60 miles per hour 44 inches per frame 90 miles per hour 66 inches per frame The ball rolls about 20 inches per drawing so 10 inches per frame so about 15 m. p. h.

Wile E. Coyote on Rocket Skates http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=p 4 Yxd. Xw 9 evc Let’s estimate his speed in this scene from “Beep”

Quiz Question What would you guess is Wile’s speed? A) 20 m. p. h. B) 40 m. p. h. C) 60 m. p. h. D) 80 m. p. h. E) 100 m. p. h.

Estimating Wile’s Speed He travels about the length of his ears (say 12 -15 inches) per frame so he’s only going about 20 m. p. h. Frame 717 10 miles per hour 7 inches per frame 20 miles per hour 15 inches per frame 30 miles per hour 22 inches per frame 40 miles per hour 29 inches per frame 50 miles per hour 37 inches per frame 60 miles per hour 44 inches per frame 90 miles per hour 66 inches per frame Frame 718 *Correction of 20% since movie is 30 fps instead of 24 fps; going 24 m. p. h.

Slowing In (or Easing In) If an object’s motion is not uniform, the object is either speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction. If the speed is decreasing then the spacing between drawings decreases, which in animation is called “slowing in” (or “easing in”). Slowing In A sled slowing by friction is a simple example of slowing in.

Slowing Out (or Easing Out) Slowing Out A ball rolling down an incline is an example of slowing out. Slowing Out If the speed is increasing then the spacing between drawings increases, which in animation is called “slowing out” (or “easing out”). A ball falling downward is another example of slowing out.

Principles of Animation Slowing in and out is another one of the principles of animation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Squash & Stretch 7. Slow In and Slow Out Timing 8. Arcs Anticipation 9. Exaggeration Staging 10. Secondary Action Follow Through 11. Appeal & Overlapping Action 6. Straight Ahead & Pose-to-Pose Action

Ball Drop Animation Exercise Let’s look at the ball drop in detail, first looking at the motion as the ball slows out from the apex. First, we’ll carefully observe the motion, both live and with video reference. Apex

Ball Drop Video Reference Falling occurs quickly so it’s difficult to see details. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=YSqkul. Tya. NY

Ball Drop Video Reference This is in slow-motion, at one-quarter the normal speed. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. HYu. Az 6 s. Y 4 k

Distance Fallen from an Apex Distance fallen from the drawing at the highest point (called the apex) is given by this table. The formula to compute this table is: (Distance in inches) = (Number of Frames) x (1/3 inch) Time (seconds) Frames Distance fallen from apex 1/ 24 1 1/ 1/ 12 2 1 1/3 inches 1/ 8 3 3 inches 1/ 6 4 5 1/3 inches ¼ 6 1 foot 1/ 8 1 ¾ feet ½ 12 4 feet 2/ 3 16 7 feet ¾ 18 9 feet 1 24 16 feet 3 3 inch

Planning a Scene #2? For a ball drop from a height of 4 feet it takes 12 frames from the apex to the ground. “Shooting on twos” the dope sheet is this Key #1 is the apex Key #7 is the ground Where should the ball be on keys #2 through #6? Frame Key 1 1 #1 #1 2 2 /? 3 3 ? #2 4 4 /? 5 5 ? #3 6 6 /? 7 7 ? #4 8 8 /? 9 9 ? #5 10 10 /? 11 11 ? #6 12 12 /? 13 13 ? #7 #3? #4? #5? #6?

Straight-Ahead Animation In Straight-Ahead animation, you have a first drawing and a rough idea of what you want for action. First drawing Next, we want to have some idea as to how many drawings will take us from this first Images in your head key pose to that conclusion of the action

Straight-Ahead Animation (cont. ) In Straight-Ahead animation, the next step is to decide on the second drawing and draw that frame. First drawing Images in your head Second drawing

Quiz Question The first key is when the ball is released and the second key is two frames later (since we’re “shooting on twos”). About where will the ball be on the second key? A, B, C, or D? Ball is 4 inches in diameter A) B) C) D) Time (seconds) Frames Distance fallen from apex 1/ 24 1 1/ 1/ 12 2 1 1/3 inches 1/ 8 3 3 inches 1/ 6 4 5 1/3 inches 3 inch

Straight-Ahead for Ball Drop B) The table tells us that after two frames the ball falls by 1 1/3 inches, a third of its diameter of 4 inches. Time (seconds) Frames Distance fallen from apex 1/ 24 1 1/ 1/ 12 2 1 1/3 inches 1/ 8 3 3 inches 1/ 6 4 5 1/3 inches 3 inch B) Ball diameter is 4 inches

Home Demo: Catch a Buck Take a one dollar bill and have a friend put their thumb and index fingers near Washington’s head. At random, let go of the dollar. Can your friend react fast enough to catch the money?

Quiz Question What is the slowest reaction time that still allows you to catch the dollar? A) 1/24 th second B) 1/12 th second C) 1/8 th second D) 1/4 th second E) ½ second

Reaction Time to Catch a Buck C) 1/8 th second Half length of dollar bill is 3 inch so it takes about 1/8 of a second (0. 125 seconds) to fall this distance. Typical reaction time is 0. 20 to 0. 25 seconds so most people cannot catch the dollar.

Measuring Reaction Time Distance (inches) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 Time (sec. ) 0. 07 0. 10 0. 12 0. 14 0. 16 0. 17 0. 19 0. 20 0. 23 0. 25 0. 27 0. 29 0. 30 Release Catch

Slugging and Reaction Time In planning a scene, you may use a stopwatch to time it as acted out in live action (called “slugging” a scene). Your reaction time is about a 1/4 second delay so should you subtract that much from your stopwatch reading? No, because there’s a reaction time delay in hitting START but also in hitting STOP.

Distance Fallen and Weight The distance that an object falls does not depend on its weight so long as the force of air resistance is minimal. A softball and a bowling ball fall together when released from the same apex.

Straight-Ahead for Ball Drop The table also tells us that after four frames the ball falls 5 1/3 inches so that’s its position from the apex for key #3. Time (sec) Frames Distance fallen from apex 1/ 24 1 1/ 1/ 12 2 1 1/3 inches 1/ 8 3 3 inches 1/ 6 4 5 1/3 inches This is correct but measuring the position for every drawing is a very boring and tedious way to animate! 3 inch Apex 2 frames 4 frames 6 frames

Seeing the Rhythm It’s good to know how quickly objects fall but animators do not calculate the motion. Animators see the patterns in how the motion slows in and out. From Preston Blair’s, Cartoon Animation

The “Odd” Rule For a falling object, the distance between drawings follows a simple pattern, which we’ll call “The Odd Rule” because it uses the odd numbers, 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. Distance between keys increases in the ratios 1: 3: 5: 7: 9… starting from the apex drawing (key #1).

Rolling Downhill Key #1 is point of release Rolling downhill is also accelerating motion Very similar to falling except distances are smaller and depend on the slope of the incline. But the distances always go as 1: 3: 5: 7: 9: etc.

Class Demo: Galileo’s Ramps Roll wheels down notched, inclined ramps and listen for the clicks. 8 8 8 8 Click-----Click---Click-Click Downhill Start Click--Click--Click--Click 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

Deceleration by Friction Spacings when decelerating by friction also follow the Odd Rule, slowing into the final key (coming to a stop). #1 #2 #3 #4 Many (but not all) cases of slowing in/out follow the “Odd Rule”

Odd Rule “Rhythm” Learn to recognize the spacing “rhythm” of the odd rule for slowing in and slowing out. 1 3 5 Apex

Quiz Question Which of these spacings has the proportions of the Odd Rule? A) B) C) D)

Odd Rule “Rhythm” 1 With practice you’ll easily recognize the Odd Rule rhythm. 3 5 A) B) C) D)

Quiz Question We know that key #2 is a third of the ball’s diameter below key #1 (point of release or apex). A) B) Roughly where do you draw the ball on key #3? C) D)

Straight-Ahead for Ball Drop C) By the Odd Rule the spacing between keys #2 and #3 is three times the distance from #1 to #2. So key #3 is one diameter lower than key #2. It’s easy to estimate this 1 -to-3 ratio in the spacings by eye. C)

Next Lecture Physics of Falling Part II By this Thursday (August 30 th): Complete the 2 nd homework (Post a mini-portfolio on your blog) Turn off clickers; bring them to every class