Unseen Essay English 1201 2201 and 3201 An

Unseen Essay: English 1201, 2201 and 3201

An essay is written about • • • A subject An essay may have a theme An essay has a purpose An essay has tone An essay has to have a plan • What an essay is written about and is treated in a limited way • Theme and subject are not necessarily the same thing

Essay • • • An essay reveals the personality of the writer An essay is communication and is written for an audience An essay may be humorous, satirical An essay may be narrative or descriptive or both! An essay has style • • • EXPOSITORY/INFORMATIONAL news article, research report IMAGINATIVE poem, short story NARRATIVE biography, family history PERSONAL/EXPRESSIVE diary entry, personal letter PERSUASIVE, ARGUMENTATIVE editorial, petition

Essays: a short piece of writing, from an author's personal point of view about a single subject. • Narrative & • Descriptive • Expository: Example and Illustration, Comparison and Contrast, Cause and Effect, Classification and Division AND Process Analysis • • Memoir Argumentative Persuasive

The Purpose for writing essay Need to remember methodology • • To explain To educate To entertain To inform To analyze To tell a story To describe

Purpose of essay Writer’s role! • • Reason for its existence –why you wrote it! The reason determines EVERYTHING about your essay Tone Diction Selection of specific details Audience Attitude Type of Exposition

Essays explained …. Narrative • • • Tells a story Plot development Characterization Description Narrative elements & Literary elements 5 w’s Memoir • • Memoir a person’s story about his or her life

Descriptive Essay Descriptive • writing that creates images of people, places, objects NOT A STORY!! • write as if a camera person behind the camera tracking and describing the scene but do not tell a story • describes a person, place, event, experience, feeling, emotion, etc.

How description is created… • Imagery: • 5 senses: see, hear, touch, taste, smell. • Writer can use literal (concrete) and/or figurative language (personification, metaphor and simile) to describe. • Such language helps create imagery that is both concrete and/or abstract. • Use of adjectives and adverbs help create concrete and abstract and should be part of your diction choices.

Description: Writers should include only the details to create a Dominant Impression • • Description can be technical (measurable) and emotive (abstract). Spatial Order is another method used to create concrete description: Direction: top to bottom, left to right, inside-outside, etc. Sequential: step by step, physically moving the author Area of importance: small to large, particular to general/ general to specific/ specific to general Transitions – review hand out DOMINANT IMPRESSION A MUST!!

Jacob’s Island • Handout • Answer Sheet

Exposition • Hypothesis (using previous or known knowledge as a basis to support reasoning and investigation) • An idea • A process • Discussion forms the basis of expository writing • Logic used in development of ideas and facts versus emotion and opinion

Example and Illustration • • • Examples are used to clarify, explain, illustrate, compare and contrast • • Concrete examples are used to support, develop and clarify abstract ideas Examples are used in all forms of writing but rarely are they used by themselves Specific details are important in illustrations: quotes, statisitics , etc. Illustrations are further explained examples – the analysis Depending on form of writing, pictures, maps, diagrams, and charts can be used to illustrate-usually in research

Conclusions • • Summary: repetition of main arguments that have been presented in the essay (To conclude, in conclusion, etc) More effective for longer papers Thesis Restatement: A rewording of your thesis statement from the introductory paragraph-do not use word by word repetition. Reinforce your thesis by making an effective conclusion through sentence noting your final point of emphasis

Cause and Effect • Cause = why �reason behind the situation • Effect = what �what happens because of the cause (situation). • Note: Cause/ Effect Relationship • Cause and Effect • Effect and Cause

In writing a cause and effect essay… • Carefully examine the relationship of the cause/effect statement to determine what is a cause or an effect. Note: Thesis statement must be very clear. • Give evidence to support for causes and effects (facts). Ex: Look at the real as opposed to the assumed causes. • State the effect- then list the cause or causes. • State the cause- then enumerate the effect or effects. • Cause and effect can operate in either direction. • Causal analysis may be used with other forms of writing.

Cause and Effect

In Search of the Perfect Body Handout

Conclusion • • Summary: repetition of main arguments that have been presented in the essay (To conclude, in conclusion, etc) More effective for longer papers Thesis Restatement: A rewording of your thesis statement from the introductory paragraph-do not use word by word repetition. Reinforce your thesis by making an effective conclusion through sentence noting your final point of emphasis

Comparison and Contrast • Characteristics of comparison and contrast essay Compare = to explain and analyze similarities and/or differences Contrast = to explain and analyze differences Essays frequently want the writer to use both comparison and contrast.

How to write a 5 paragraph comparison/contrast essay… The Block Method • • • Par. 1: Introduction Par. 2: Alike and/or Different …. . Work 1 Par. 3 Alike and /or Different… Work 2 Par. 4: Alikeand/or Different…. Work 1 &2 Par. 5 Conclusi Side by Side Method • • • Par. 1: Introduction Par. 2: Alike & Different …Work 1 &2 Par. 3: Alike & Different… Work 1 &2 Par. 4: Alike & Different… Work 1 &2 Par. 5: Conclusion

Neat people versus sloppy people • Essay from word document • Hand out

Conclusions • Summary: repetition of main arguments that have been presented in the essay To conclude, in conclusion, etc. , • Closing by Return is a variation of thesis restatement Conclude your essay by commenting on an important/interesting point from the introductory paragraph. • Thesis Restatement: A rewording of your thesis statement from the introductory paragraph-do not use word by word repetition. Reinforce your thesis by making an effective conclusion through sentence noting your final point of emphasis

Classification and Division Music Subject Rock and Roll Characteristics Image Performers Style of Music Instruments Lyrics

Classification and Division • A Country Full of Hope • Hand out • Model from Process and Purpose

Conclusions • • ***Summary: repetition of main arguments that have been presented in the essay (To conclude, in conclusion, etc) More effective for longer papers Thesis Restatement: A rewording of your thesis statement from the introductory paragraph-do not use word by word repetition. Reinforce your thesis by making an effective conclusion through sentence noting your final point of emphasis

Process Analysis • Refers to two aspects of a process • An explanation or analysis of how the process operates • AND • The order in which the process is achieved or the how-to-do something. • In other words the HOW and the WHY.

Chronological Order • Lists the events in the order in which they occur • This order is very important to any type of writing which presents or develops a purpose • Example: how to change a tire

• How to Change a Tire (p. 120 Transitions) There is a clear cut process involved in changing a tire, requiring the individual to follow a predetermined set of guidelines(1). First, the car must if at all possible, be on level ground, in park, and with the wheels blocked(2). Next, the hubcaps are pried off using the tapered end of the wheel wrench(3). Then, the wheel nuts are loosened and left in place until the wheel is off the ground(4). Afterwards the jack is put in the appropriate jacking slot, and the car is “jacked up” until the wheel to be changed is off the ground(5). Once the wheel nuts are removed, the wheel can be replaced with a new one(6). The nuts are then tightened by hand so that the new tire is well secured(7). The car can now be lowered until the wheel rests on the ground, the nuts tightened, and the jack removed(8). Once the hubcap is tapped back in place with a rubber mallet, the car is ready to be driven away (9).

Paragraph Analysis on “How to Change a Tire. ” Description Sentence Feature Topic Sentence (in italics) 1 Introduction &purpose Developmental Sentences 2 3 4 5 Step Step Transitional Sentence 6 Begins the reversal of process Developmental Sentences 7, 8 Steps showing reversal of process-old tire removed and new tire put on car Concluding Sentence 9 Indicates the process is complete Diction in Red ? ? 1: on level ground/wheels are blocked 2: hub caps pried off 3: wheel nuts loosened 4: car jacked up 5: remove wheel

Characteristics • • • Effective use of transitions • DO NOT USE A COLON AFTER THE VERB Diction –clear and detailed Sentence structure – clear, varied but avoid very long complicated sentences. Punctuation: colon and dash used in process writing Colon (: ) signals to the reader something is about to follow-usually a list or steps to follow.

Conclusions • • Summary: repetition of main arguments that have been presented in the essay (To conclude, in conclusion, etc) More effective for longer papers Thesis Restatement: A rewording of your thesis statement from the introductory paragraph-do not use word by word repetition. Reinforce your thesis by making an effective conclusion through sentence noting your final point of emphasis

Process Analysis • “How to Write a Rotten Poem” • “How to Survive An Airplane Crash”

Argumentative: A rational argument which uses evidence Essay Exposition Persuasive: It attempts to convince the audience to accept author’s point of view or encouraged to take action Call to action Work to be handed out:

Audience Who is the target audience? • A writer’s purpose is often shaped by the kind of audience they are writing for. • • Young people Parents Government Daycare workers Store owners Consumers Avoid “society” – try to be specific

Tone: the writer’s attitude towards their subject Refer to note sheet given on tone • • • Three categories: • Combination of both • • Examples of tone: Rational tone – writer uses evidence Emotional tone – writer uses figurative language, repetition Happy, sad, thoughtful, disgust, arrogance, bitterness, cynical, fury, wonderment

Identifying tone: visually versus written https: //www. google. ca/search? q=images+of+faces+showing+different+emotions&biw=1366&bih=573&tbm=isch&imgil=t. Ain. Yk. N MGfh. I 3 M%253 A%253 Bhttps%253 A%252 Fencryptedtbn 3. gstatic. com%252 Fimages%253 Fq%253 Dtbn%253 AANd 9 Gc. SHj. J 7 RYSUb. Oj. AMve. QMDSNAj. Gmn_Ilx 4 Ssy. ELGu. SDGY 8 Q 88_i ou%253 B 600%253 B 670%253 BWD 7 m. K 0 Ohbyu. Tn. M%253 Bhttp%25253 A%25252 Fnormgrock. com%25252 F 2011%25252 F 08%25252 F 14%25252 Ffacial-expressions%25252 F&source=iu&usg=__m. Pfa. YGn. PTQx. N_im_w 50 Rhr 3 sr. M%3 D&sa=X&ei=Tl. Nx. U 9 D 1 I 46 Py. ASlyo. KIDA&ved=0 CD 4 Q 9 QEw. Cg#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=Em. Tc. GXOy 2 tn. JM%253 A%3 Bt. Ya 0 z 8 p. Fqq. Fgr. M%3 Bhttp%253 A%252 Fwww. humintell. com%252 Fwpcontent%252 Fuploads%252 F 2009%252 F 06%252 Fexpression-explanation-v 2 -compatibilitymode_00011. png%3 Bhttp%253 A%252 Fwww. humintell. com%252 F 2010%252 F 06%252 Fthe-seven-basic-emotions-do-you -know-them%252 F%3 B 617%3 B 407

Identify tone words https: //www. google. ca/search? q=images+of+faces+showing+different+emotions&biw=1366&bih=573& tbm=isch&imgil=t. Ain. Yk. NMGfh. I 3 M%253 A%253 Bhttps%253 A%252 Fencryptedtbn 3. gstatic. com%252 Fimages%253 Fq%253 Dtbn%253 AANd 9 Gc. SHj. J 7 RYSUb. Oj. AMve. QMDSNAj. Gmn_I lx 4 Ssy. ELGu. SDGY 8 Q 88_iou%253 B 600%253 B 670%253 BWD 7 m. K 0 Ohbyu. Tn. M%253 Bhttp%25253 A%252 52 F%25252 Fnormgrock. com%25252 F 2011%25252 F 08%25252 F 14%25252 Ffacialexpressions%25252 F&source=iu&usg=__m. Pfa. YGn. PTQx. N_im_w 50 Rhr 3 sr. M%3 D&sa=X&ei=Tl. Nx. U 9 D 1 I 46 Py. ASlyo. KIDA&ved=0 CD 4 Q 9 QEw. Cg#facrc=_&imgdii =_&imgrc=Em. Tc. GXOy 2 tn. JM%253 A%3 Bt. Ya 0 z 8 p. Fqq. Fgr. M%3 Bhttp%253 A%252 Fwww. humintell. com%252 Fwpcontent%252 Fuploads%252 F 2009%252 F 06%252 Fexpression-explanation-v 2 -compatibilitymode_00011. png%3 Bhttp%253 A%252 Fwww. humintell. com%252 F 2010%252 F 06%252 Ftheseven-basic-emotions-do-you-know-them%252 F%3 B 617%3 B 407

How to write tone words… Note: Descriptive Essay https: //www. google. ca/search? q=images+of+faces+showing+different+emotions&biw=1366&bih=573&tbm=isch&imgil=t. Ain. Yk. NMGfh. I 3 M%253 A%253 Bhttps%253 A%252 Fencrypt edtbn 3. gstatic. com%252 Fimages%253 Fq%253 Dtbn%253 AANd 9 Gc. SHj. J 7 RYSUb. Oj. AMve. QMDSNAj. Gmn_Ilx 4 Ssy. ELGu. SDGY 8 Q 88_iou%253 B 600%253 B 670%253 BWD 7 m. K 0 Ohbyu. Tn. M%253 Bhttp%25253 A%25252 Fnormgrock. com%25252 F 2011%25252 F 08%25252 F 14%25252 Ffacial-expressions%25252 F&source=iu&usg=__m. Pfa. YGn. PTQx. N_im_w 50 Rhr 3 sr. M%3 D&sa=X&ei=Tl. Nx. U 9 D 1 I 46 Py. ASlyo. KIDA&ved=0 CD 4 Q 9 QEw. Cg#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=Em. Tc. GXOy 2 tn. JM%253 A%3 Bt. Ya 0 z 8 p. Fqq. Fgr. M%3 Bhttp%253 A%252 Fwww. humintell. com%252 Fwp-content%252 Fuploads%252 F 2009%252 F 06%252 Fexpression-explanation-v 2 -compatibilitymode_00011. png%3 Bhttp%253 A%252 Fwww. humintell. com%252 F 2010%252 F 06%252 Fthe-seven-basic-emotions-do-you-know-them%252 F%3 B 617%3 B 407

Introducing Coherency & Unity

Unity • • • 1. Title • • 4. Conclusions 2. Introduction- Thesis 3. Thesis – Body Paragraphs Topic sentence. Thesis 5. Repetion of key words

Title and it significance • Does it reveal a theme or message-subject? • Is it a play on words? • Does it emphasis an idea?

Thesis • A thesis statement is a sentence or two which clearly and directly states the main idea of the essay that you will develop in your essay. • Indicates to the reader clearly and precisely what idea or concept the essay is developing. • It indicates the following: focus of the essay, purpose of the essay, limitations of the essay as well as the specifics of the essay; for example, is the essay specific enough to adequately cover the topic and purpose of the essay?

Thesis + Organizing Principle= Unity • Limitations of the essay as well as the specifics of the essay; for example, is the essay specific enough to adequately cover the topic and purpose of the essay? • • Good place for Organizing Principle Body Paragraphs Topic Sentences link back to thesis; concluding sentences link back to thesis. Handout

Coherency Techniques Handout • • Transition Pronoun Reference Parallel Structure Use of synonyms Repetition Point of View Topic sentences & Concluding Sentences Punctuation: ( ) - : ;

Transitions Handout • Connect ideas from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another with words or phrases. • • Example: I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car's windshield.

Transitional Words and Phrases • To Add: and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc. ), • • To Compare: but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, by comparison, compared to, • To Prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition • To Show Time: immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second, etc. ), next, and then balanced, although, conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true

Transitional Words and Phrases • • • To Emphasize: • • • To Show Sequence: • • To Give an Example: • • To Summarize or Conclude: definitely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation first, second, third, and so forth. following this, at this time, now, at this point, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon for example, for instance, in this case, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently

Pronoun Reference • • This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, we • • Example: are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned. When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.

Parallel Structure & Handout • Using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. • This can happen at the word, phrase, or sentence level. • • • Example: • The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game. • Effective in speeches…I have a Dream by Martin Luther King Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle. Mary likes hiking, swimming and riding a bicycle.

Synonyms • • Synonyms • • Example: words that have essentially the same meaning, and they provide some variety in word choice, helping the reader to stay focused on the idea being discussed. Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them

Repetition of Key Words • Helps to focus ideas and to keep the reader on track. • Example: • • • The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.

Style Informal • • Slang Colloquialisms –sayings common to a culture Plain language of everyday use Idiomatic expressions : ace up your sleeve; above board; cut the apron strings • • Contractions – can’t; won’t; I’ll Many simple, common words. Formal • Writer uses dignified, serious, and elevated language; • • • Follows the rules of syntax exactly Uses complex words and lofty tone Writes in third person

• • Singular • • • First Person • • • Second Person • • Third Person Plural I, me, my, mine we, us, ours you, your, yours he, him, his, she, hers, its they, them, theirs Omniscient and Limited Point of View

Four types of sentences • Simple Ex: The cat ran away. • Compound Ex: You can study now, or you can pray later. The dog barked, and the cat ran away. • Complex Ex: When the dog barked , the cat ran away. • Compound-Complex Ex: After it was all over, my mother claimed she knew we were planning something, but we think she was really surprised. • Which sentences would use a semicolon or colon?

The short and long of it!! Short sentences Long sentences • • • Speed up a piece of writing – rapid movement Also used for emphasis • • Good for: mood, atmosphere, tone, suspense… Good for: call to action, emotional appeal, persuasion… Create tension – anxiety, fear, excitement Speed up a piece of writing – rapid movement Create tension – anxiety, fear, excitement Also used for emphasis

Dash The dash is not the same thing as the hyphen (which is shorter) • Dash: used to make ideas “stand out in a sentence” • To show a break of thought in a sentence Ex: My professor - he's also my uncle's friend gave us a lot of research to do. To introduce a list of items • My bus driver said that three things were not allowed on the bus - food, water, and gum. • Everything — furniture, paintings, and books — survived the fire. • At the end of a sentence to add an additional idea Ex: That was the end of the matter — or so we thought.

COLON

Semicolon ; • • • Used to separate major sentence elements of equal rank • Reference Points Page 365 Often before a transitional word- , therefore; Remember worksheet! Used between two main clauses in compound sentence when they are not joined by coordinating conjunction To separate items in a series when items already contain other punctuation Semicolon ;

Punctuation • My bus driver said that three things were not allowed on the bus - food, water, and gum. • Everything — furniture, paintings, and books — survived the fire. • at the end of a sentence to add an additional idea • That was the end of the matter — or so we thought. • • The dash is not the same thing as the hyphen (which is shorter) -

The whole meal deal: a visual perspective on unity and coherence…and what kind of essays?

Introductions • • 1. Definition 2. Relevant Fact 3. Unusual Detail- Shocking Statistic 4. Question 5. Personal Experience 6. Short Narrative or Example -Anecdote ( brief story ) -Brief description 7. Direct Statement of Purpose or Thesis Statement 8. QUOTE

1. Definition • Ex: Boredom is the listlessness of the soul; it is more the reflection of the individual than of the individual’s environment. A bored person is a boring person. • Try to make up or coin your own definition if using in a persuasive essay. • In research paper use dictionary definition but put in own words

2. Relevant Fact • The opening statement deals with a fact or a statistic • Ex: The last execution in Canada took place at the Don Jail in Toronto in 1962. • Issue being discussed – capital punishment • Must give source in research essay- intext citation

3. Unusual Detail • To create interest • Ex: When Elijah Dexter was taken from his jail cell to the gallows on August 10, 1816, the crowd, which had waited gave a great cheer.

4. Question • Rhetorical Question • Is usual thought provoking • May not have an answer but may be controversial • Ex: Who has the right to decide whether the unborn child should live or diethe mother or father?

5. Personal Experience • This technique can work well for persuasive essays-brings issue closer to home- but need to be more carefully worked for research. • Ex: I watched my friend die in a ditch, the victim of a drunken hit-and-run driver; therefore, there is no doubt in my mind concerning what constitutes suitable punishment for these people.

6. Short Narrative or Example • Ex: Last week Britain’s BBC television, an eight –year-old-boy was shown alone, miserable, without friends, shunned by other children. He was known to be a hemophiliac and was feared to have AIDS. -Barbara Armeil • Shows discrimination • More real and concrete • Interesting

7. Direct Statement of Purpose or Thesis Statement • Ex: The most important purpose of the education system to teach students to think, not to prepare them for the world of work. • For persuasive essay • DO NOT USE- In this essay, I will give my views-----LEAST difficult introduction • Less effective • Less interesting

Identify the type of introduction • Have you ever wondered what it would be like to soar high above the clouds in a sky of crystal blue? • Noticing the grace and beauty of the eagle, John Keats wrote, “Eagles may seem to sleep wing-wide upon the air. ” • • • Eagles are birds of prey noted for their strength, keen vision, and size. Strange as it may seem, these and other traits that we admire most about eagles are also the traits that make them vulnerable. Incredible size, flying and hunting skills, breath-taking beauty – these traits have endangered our national symbol. In 1782 Congress chose the American bald eagle as the emblem of the United States.

Conclusions • 1. Climax • 2. Call to Action • 3. Summary • 4. Thesis Restatement • 5. Closing by Return

CLIMAX & CALL TO ACTION • • Climax – not used-except in narrative Make your strongest and most interesting important argument for last, making it the culmination of the arguments you have presented. • • Call to Action: used in persuasive essays • Ex: If you want to see your community grow and want to grow with it, become a councilor. A persuasive essay often asks the reader to take a particular action on the issue. Must be definite and clear

SUMMARY • Repeats the main arguments that have presented in the essay. • Summary – a main point or two from each body paragraph • Effective for longer essays/ papers.

Thesis Restatement • • A rewording of your thesis statement is usually more effective than a word-byword repetition. An effective restatement reinforces your stand on the issue and gives it final emphasis. Thesis restatement – thesis is reworded – very easy to identify Thesis Statement: The buying and selling of children is morally wrong ( in your Introduction). Thesis Restatement: The bearing of children for commercial gain is simply immoral ( in your conclusion).

Closing by Return • Closing-by-return – the writer refers to something from the opening – not the same as thesis • Introduction: The last execution in Canada took place at the Don Jail in Toronto in 1962. • Conclusion: Surely, if we are rational people the scene that took place at Toronto’s Don Jail in 1962 will never replay in Canada.

Source: Transitions p. 75 -75 for introduction and conclusion slides

Literary Devices • • Symbolism Imagery Figurative language Simile Metaphor Personification Allusion – reference to history, the Bible, literature, mythology Analogy – comparison

• • • Language Mechanics: • • Short Story and Essay Characteristics 1. Parts of Speech 2. Sentences, Run- Ons and Fragments. 3. Simple, compound and Complex 4. Parallelism 5. Transitions 6. Consistent Verb Tense 7. Quotations 8. Capitalization and Punctuation 9. Coherency and Unity 10. Introductions and Conclusions/ Essay Writing Overview 11. Expository Writing Narrative Essay Descriptive Essay Expository Writing