Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 13 The

Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 13 The Digestive System Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia Directory Slide 34 Slide 35 Slide 49 Slide 51 Slide 67 Slide 70 Slide 110 Slide 123 The Digestive System Animation Appendicitis Animation Eating Disorders Video Ulcers Video GERD Video Performing a Gastric Lavage Video Sigmoidoscopy Video Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Define and spell the word parts used to create medical terms for the digestive system – Identify the organs of the digestive system and describe their structure and function – Define common medical terms used for the digestive system Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives (cont. ) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices for the digestive system Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Digestive System • Primary function—digestion • Secondary functions – Ingestion – Mastication – Swallowing – Absorption – Defecation Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefixes • • ad- = toward ant-, anti- = against, opposing dia- = through dys- = bad, abnormal, painful, difficult pan- = all, entire peri- = around re-, retro- = back Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms • • abdomin/o = abdomen, abdominal cavity an/o = anus append/o = to hang onto, appendix bil/i = bile Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • cec/o = blind intestine, cecum celi/o = abdomen, abdominal cavity cheil/o = lip chol/e = bile, gall Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • choledoch/o = common bile duct cirrh/o = orange col/o, colon/o = colon dent/o = teeth Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • diverticul/o = a small blind pouch, diverticulum • duoden/o = twelve, duodenum • enter/o = small intestine • esophag/e, esophag/o = gullet, esophagus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • gastr/o = stomach gingiv/o = gums gloss/o = tongue halit/o = breath hemorrh/o = likely to bleed hepat/o = liver Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • hern/o, herni/o = rupture or protrusion through a weakened membrane or wall • ile/o = to roll, ileum • inguin/o = groin • jejun/o = empty, jejunum Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • lapar/o = abdomen lingu/o = tongue lith/o = stone or/o = mouth palat/o = roof of the mouth, palate Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • pancreat/o = sweetbread, pancreas peps/o, pept/o = digestion perine/o = perineum peritone/o = to stretch over, peritoneum Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • phag/o = eat, swallow pharyng/o = throat, pharynx polyp/o = a small growth, polyp proct/o = rectum, anus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • pylor/o = gatekeeper, pylorus rect/o = straight, erect, rectum rubin/o = red pigment sial/o = saliva sigmoid/o = the letter “S” Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • spasm/o = sudden, involuntary muscle contraction • steat/o = fat • stomat/o = mouth • uvul/o = grape, uvula • vag/o = vagus nerve Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes • -cele = hernia, swelling, protrusion • -centesis = surgical puncture to aspirate fluids • -emesis = vomiting • -emetic = pertaining to vomiting • -iasis = condition of Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont. ) • • • -malacia = softening -pepsia = condition of digestion -ptosis = falling down, drooping -rrhaphy = suturing -rrhea = discharge (of fluid) -stomy = surgical creation of an opening Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology • The digestive system is divided into two parts – Gastrointestinal (GI) tract § A long, winding tube that carries food through the system § Extends from the mouth to the anus and consists of • • • mouth or oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach small and large intestines Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology (cont. ) • The digestive system is divided into two parts – Accessory organs § A series of supportive organs outside of GI tract • • salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 1: Organs of the digestive system Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Organs of the GI Tract • Oral cavity consists of: – Palate § hard palate § soft palate • uvula – Tongue – Teeth Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 2: The oral cavity Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Organs of the GI Tract (cont. ) • Passage of food continues from oral cavity to: – Pharynx—throat – Esophagus—carries food to stomach using peristalsis, which occurs throughout the GI tract Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Organs of the GI Tract (cont. ) • Passage of food – Stomach § Cardia § Fundus § Body § Pylorus • Pyloric valve—ring of muscle that borders stomach and small intestine – Gastric juice—made up of hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen (a protein), and mucus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 3: The stomach in its normal shape and location within the abdominal cavity Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Organs of the GI Tract (cont. ) • Passage of food – Small intestine—coiled tube between stomach and large intestine § Duodenum § Jejunum § Ileum Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Organs of the GI Tract (cont. ) • Passage of food – Large intestine—forms waste into solid material, known as feces § Cecum § Colon—ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid § Rectum – Anus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 4: The small and large intestines Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Accessory Organs • Salivary glands – Begin process of chemical digestion by secreting saliva • Liver—Largest visceral organ in the body – Functions include § Production of bile (aids in fat digestion) § Interconversion of nutrients § Recycling of RBC components § Removal of toxins from the blood Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Accessory Organs (cont. ) • Gallbladder – Receives and stores bile from liver, until needed for digestion • Pancreas – Produces digestive enzymes (pancreatic juice), which enable small intestine to complete process of chemical digestion – Secretes insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 5: The liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Digestive System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the digestive system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Digestive System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the digestive system. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots • • • bil = bile card = heart cec = blind intestine col = colon duoden = twelve Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots (cont. ) • • esophag = gullet gastr = stomach ile = to roll jejun = empty Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots (cont. ) • • or = mouth palat = roof of the mouth pancreat = sweetbread peritone = to stretch over Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots (cont. ) • pylor = gatekeeper • rect = straight, erect • uvul = grape Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs • Aphagia – Inability to swallow • Ascites – Accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity; a symptom of liver dysfunction • Constipation – Reduced peristalsis in the large intestine – Results in infrequent or incomplete defecation Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Diarrhea – Frequent discharge of watery fecal material – May be caused by improper diet, but more commonly caused by infection of virus, bacteria, or protozoa – Can lead to severe dehydration • Dyspepsia – Indigestion Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Dysphagia – Difficulty in swallowing • Flatus – Condition of gas trapped in the GI tract or released through the anus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Gastrodynia – Pain in the stomach • Halitosis – Bad breath • Hematemesis – Vomiting blood • Hepatomegaly – Enlargement of the liver Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Hyperbilirubinemia – Excessive levels of the bile pigment bilirubin in the blood • Jaundice – A yellowish staining of the skin, sclera of the eyes, and deeper tissues – Caused by accumulation of bile pigments in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Nausea – Symptomatic urge to vomit – When accompanied by vomiting, may be abbreviated N&V • Reflux – Backward flux or flow of material in the GI tract – Also known as regurgitation • Steatorrhea – Abnormal fat levels in the feces Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders • Adhesion – Abnormal growth that connects two surfaces – May arise as a complication to healing after surgery Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving intense fear of weight gain • Appendicitis – Inflammation of the appendix Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 6: Appendicitis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Appendicitis Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of appendicitis. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Bulimia nervosa – Eating disorder involving repeated gorging with food followed by induced vomiting or laxative abuse – Commonly known as binging and purging Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Eating Disorders Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of eating disorders. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Cheilitis – Inflammation of the lip • Cholangioma – Tumor that originates from a bile duct, usually from within the liver Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Cholecystitis – Inflammation of the gallbladder • Choledocholithiasis – Gallstones or stones in the common bile duct where they block bile flow • Cholelithiasis – Generalized condition of gallstones Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 7: Cholelithiasis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Cirrhosis – Chronic, progressive liver disease – May by caused by chronic alcoholism or viral infection Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 8: Cirrhosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Colitis – Inflammation of the colon – Ulcerative colitis: chronic condition of colonic ulcers – Main symptom—severe, and sometimes bloody, diarrhea • Colorectal cancer – Cancer of the colon and rectum Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 9: Colorectal cancer Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Crohn’s disease – Chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract, most commonly of the ileum – Also called regional ileitis or regional enteritis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 10: Crohn’s disease Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Diverticulitis – Inflammation of abnormal small pouches in the wall of the colon (called diverticula) • Diverticulosis – Condition of diverticula in the colon • Duodenal ulcer – Ulcer in the wall of the duodenum Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 11: Diverticulitis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Dysentery – Severe inflammation of the intestine with: § § frequent diarrhea abdominal pain fever dehydration – Usually caused by infection by bacteria or protozoa Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Enteritis – Inflammation of the small intestine • Esophagitis – Inflammation of the esophagus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Gastric cancer – Cancer of the stomach – Also called stomach carcinoma • Gastric ulcer – Ulcer in the wall of the stomach – Often caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 12: Gastric cancer Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ulcers Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of ulcers. The video may take a moment before playing. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Gastritis – Inflammation of the stomach • Gastroenteritis – Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine • Gastroenterocolitis – Inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Gastroesophageal reflux disease – Recurring backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus – Abbreviated GERD • Gastromalacia – Softening of the stomach wall Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

GERD Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of GERD. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Giardiasis – Infection by the intestinal protozoa Giardia intestinalis or G. lamblia – Symptoms—diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting • Gingivitis – Inflammation of the gums • Glossitis – Inflammation of the tongue Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Glossopathy – Generalized disease of the tongue • Hemorrhoids – Varicose (swollen) condition of veins in the anus • Hepatitis – Inflammation of the liver Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Hepatoma – Tumor of the liver • Hiatal hernia – Protrusion of part of stomach upward through an opening in the diaphragm normally penetrated by the esophagus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 13: Hiatal hernia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Ileitis – Inflammation of the ileum • Ileus – Obstruction of the intestine – Symptoms—pain, vomiting, and often fever and dehydration Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Inflammatory bowel disease – Syndrome that affects the intestines – Characterized by a wide range of symptoms and conditions ranging from periodic diarrhea and flatus to ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease – Abbreviated IBD Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Inguinal hernia – Protrusion of a loop of the small intestine through the abdominal wall in the inguinal (groin) region • Intussusception – An infolding of a segment of the intestine within another segment – Usually occurs in infants and young children Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 14: Intussusception Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Irritable bowel syndrome – Chronic disease characterized by periodic disturbances of large intestinal (bowel) function, such as diarrhea and constipation, without clear physical damage – Abbreviated IBS Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Lactose intolerance – Lack of the enzyme lactase in the small intestine – Symptoms—gas production and diarrhea when dairy foods are consumed • Palatitis – Inflammation of the palate Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Pancreatitis – Inflammation of the pancreas • Parotitis – Inflammation of the parotid gland, the largest of the salivary glands Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Peptic ulcer – Erosion in the wall of the stomach (gastric ulcer), duodenum (duodenal ulcer), or any other part of the GI tract that may be exposed to gastric juice Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 15: Peptic ulcer Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Peritonitis – Inflammation of the peritoneum – Caused by ulcer, tumor, infection – Is a severe consequence of ruptured appendix Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Polyp – Any abnormal mass of tissue that projects inward from a wall – Usually benign growths in the nose, throat, or intestines • Polyposis – Presence of many polyps, usually in the colon or rectum, which poses a high level of risk for malignancy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 16: Polyposis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 16 (continued): Polyp in the colon Source: Phototake NYC Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Proctitis – Inflammation of the rectum and anus • Proctoptosis – Prolapse of the rectum through the anus • Rectocele – Protrusion of the rectum against the vaginal wall – Also called proctocele Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Sialoadenitis – Inflammation of a salivary gland • Sialolith – Mineralized object, or stone, in a salivary gland • Stomatitis – Inflammation of the mouth – Includes canker sores Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Strangulated hernia – Hernia that is constricted, which reduces blood flow to the organ • Umbilical hernia – Protrusion of a loop of the intestine through the abdominal wall in the umbilical region Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Uvulitis – Inflammation of the uvula • Volvulus – Twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 17: Volvulus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices • Abdominocentesis – Surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid – Also called paracentesis • Abdominoperineal resection – Surgical removal of the colon and rectum – Performed to treat colorectal cancer and severe IBD – Abbreviated A&P resection Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Abdominoplasty – Surgical repair of the abdomen • Anoplasty – Surgical repair of the anus • Antacid – Drug that neutralizes stomach acid • Antiemetic – Drug that prevents or stops vomiting Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Antispasmodic – Drug that decreases peristalsis in the GI tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea • Appendectomy – Surgical removal of the appendix Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Barium enema – Enema that contains barium (a contrast medium used for x-ray) – Administered for a lower GI series diagnostic test – Abbreviated BE Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 18: Barium enema Source: CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Cathartic – Drug that stimulates peristalsis of the colon • Celiotomy – Incision into the abdominal cavity • Cheilorrhaphy – Suturing of the lip Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Cholangiogram – X-ray image of the bile ducts between the liver, gallbladder, and duodenum • Cholecystectomy – Excision of the gallbladder • Cholecystogram – X-ray image of the gallbladder Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Choledocholithotomy – Incision into the common bile duct – Performed to remove one or more obstructive stones • Colectomy – Excision of the colon • Colonoscopy – Visual examination of the colon using a colonoscope Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 19: Colonoscopy Source: CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 19 (continued): Colonoscopy Source: CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Colostomy – Surgical creation of an opening into the colon to establish an artificial anus – May be temporary or permanent as a treatment for cancer, obstructions, or ulcerative colitis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 20: Colostomy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Diverticulectomy – Excision of a diverticulum • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography – Endoscopic procedure that includes x-ray fluoroscopy to visualize the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas – Abbreviated ERCP Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Endoscopic ultrasound – Diagnostic procedure using endoscope and ultrasound probe to generate images of the intestinal wall to evaluate tumor progression Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Esophagogastroduodenoscopy – Visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with an endoscope • Esophagoscopy – Visual examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope, a specialized form of endoscope Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Fecal occult blood test – Lab test to detect blood in the feces • Gastrectomy – Surgical removal of any part of the stomach or, in extreme cases, the entire organ Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Gastric lavage – Cleansing procedure in which the stomach is rinsed with a saline solution • Gastroenterology – Field of medicine that treats diseases of the stomach and small intestine – Specialist: gastroenterologist Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gastric Lavage video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of gastric lavage. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Gastroscopy – Visual examination of the stomach with a gastroscope, a specialized type of endoscope • Gastrostomy – Surgical creation of a new opening into the stomach Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Gavage – Process of feeding a patient through a nasogastric tube • GI endoscopy – Visual examination of the GI tract using an endoscope, which includes a camera, fiber optics, and a long flexible tube Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Gingivectomy – Surgical removal of diseased tissue in the gums • Glossorrhaphy – Suturing of the tongue • Hemicolectomy – Surgical excision of approx. one-half of colon • Hemorrhoidectomy – Surgical excision of hemorrhoids Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Hepatobiliary – Focus on diseases of the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts • Herniorrhaphy – Surgical repair of a hernia • Ileostomy – Surgical opening into the ileum to establish a secondary anus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 21: Ileostomy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Laparoscopy – Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope – Often replaces open abdominal surgery (laparotomy) when an invasive procedure should be avoided • Laparotomy – Incision into the abdomen Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 22: Laparoscopy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 22 (continued): Laparoscopy Source: Southern Illinois University/Photo Researchers, Inc Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Palatoplasty – Surgical repair of the palate, usually as a treatment for cleft palate, an inherited defect • Polypectomy – Surgical excision of a polyp • Proctology – Focuses on the treatment of diseases of the rectum and anus – Specialist: proctologist Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Proctoscopy – Visual examination of the rectum with a proctoscope, a specialized type of endoscope • Pyloroplasty – Surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach or of the pyloric valve Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Sigmoidoscopy – Visual examination of the sigmoid colon with a sigmoidoscope, a specialized type of endoscope Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 23: Sigmoidoscopy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sigmoidoscopy Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of sigmoidoscopy. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Stool culture and sensitivity – Growing microorganisms in a culture from a stool sample to identify a pathogenic cause of disease • Upper GI series – Diagnostic x-ray images of the stomach and duodenum following the administration of barium – Abbreviated UGI Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13. 24: Upper GI Series Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Uvulectomy – Surgical excision of the uvula • Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty – Surgical repair of uvula, palate, and pharynx – Usually performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea • Vagotomy – Surgical dissection of vagus nerve branches to treat chronic gastric ulcers Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pharmaceuticals • • Anorexiants Antacids Antiemetics Corticosteroid creams H 2 -receptor antagonists Laxatives Proton pump inhibitors Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abbreviations • • A&P resection BE EGD ERCP EUS GERD GI Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abbreviations (cont. ) • • IBD IBS LI N&V PEG UGI UPPP Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classroom Response System Pretest Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form gloss/o mean? A. throat B. tongue C. esophagus D. palate Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form gloss/o mean? A. throat B. tongue C. esophagus D. palate Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What term means inability to swallow? A. ulcer B. ascites C. esophagitis D. aphagia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What term means inability to swallow? A. ulcer B. ascsites C. esophagitis D. aphagia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form halit/o mean? A. blood B. flow C. mouth D. breath Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form halit/o mean? A. blood B. flow C. mouth D. breath Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form steat/o mean? A. stomach B. soluble C. fat D. excess Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form steat/o mean? A. stomach B. soluble C. fat D. excess Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is gastralgia also known as? A. gastric B. dysphagia C. gastrodynia D. gastritis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is gastralgia also known as? A. gastric B. dysphagia C. gastrodynia D. gastritis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -malacia mean? A. softening B. widening C. hardening D. narrowing Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -malacia mean? A. softening B. widening C. hardening D. narrowing Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -ectasis mean? A. blood B. vomiting C. dilation D. condition Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -ectasis mean? A. blood B. vomiting C. dilation D. condition Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What term means inflammation of the lip? A. lipodystrophy B. cheilitis C. cheilosis D. cholecystitis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What term means inflammation of the lip? A. lipodystrophy B. cheilitis C. cheilosis D. cholecystitis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What term means inflammation of the colon? A. cholecystitis B. cheilitis C. colitis D. cirrhosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What term means inflammation of the colon? A. cholecystitis B. cheilitis C. colitis D. cirrhosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What term means acute inflammation of the GI tract caused by bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants? A. dysmenorrhea B. amenorrhea C. dysentery D. diverticula Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What term means acute inflammation of the GI tract caused by bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants? A. dysmenorrhea B. amenorrhea C. dysentery D. diverticula Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classroom Response System Post-test Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What term means a severe twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction? A. volvulus B. embolus C. thrombus D. proctoptosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What term means a severe twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction? A. volvulus B. embolus C. thrombus D. proctoptosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -centesis mean? A. surgical puncture B. surgical invasion C. surgical opening D. surgical removal Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -centesis mean? A. surgical puncture B. surgical invasion C. surgical opening D. surgical removal Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -rrhaphy mean? A. surgical removal B. surgical repair C. surgical puncture D. surgical suturing Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -rrhaphy mean? A. surgical removal B. surgical repair C. surgical puncture D. surgical suturing Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form pylor/o mean? A. stricture B. closure C. opening D. pylorus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form pylor/o mean? A. stricture B. closure C. opening D. pylorus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form lapar/o mean? A. throat B. thoracic C. pelvic D. abdomen Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form lapar/o mean? A. throat B. thoracic C. pelvic D. abdomen Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the abbreviation GI mean? A. gastrointestinal B. gastroileus C. gastric irradiation D. gastric radiation Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the abbreviation GI mean? A. gastrointestinal B. gastroileus C. gastric irradiation D. gastric radiation Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the term for the process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into the nose that drops into the stomach? A. gauge B. lavage C. gauze D. gavage Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the term for the process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into the nose that drops into the stomach? A. gauge B. lavage C. gauze D. gavage Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the term for surgical removal of a segment of the colon? A. colectomy B. colostomy C. choleostomy D. appendectomy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the term for surgical removal of a segment of the colon? A. colectomy B. colostomy C. choleostomy D. appendectomy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the prefix an- mean? A. within B. without C. withdraw D. anterior Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the prefix an- mean? A. within B. without C. withdraw D. anterior Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the term for inflammation of the anus, and usually the rectum? A. arthritis B. proctitis C. gastritis D. sinusitis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the term for inflammation of the anus, and usually the rectum? A. arthritis B. proctitis C. gastritis D. sinusitis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.