University Library System CUHK The Role of Librarians

University Library System, CUHK 香港中文大學圖書館系統 The Role of Librarians as Information Providers in the Digital Era Dr. Colin Storey Mrs. Shirley Leung March 15, 2004 1

University Library System, CUHK IFLA and the World of Libraries • The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions • Founded in 1927 • The leading international not-for-profit organization representing the interests of library and information services and their users. 2 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK IFLA and the World of Libraries 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Has over 1, 700 members in more than 150 countries around the world, including: • The Hong Kong Library Association and major Hong Kong library systems. 3

University Library System, CUHK Role of Libraries (1) (2002 IFLA Glasgow meeting ) 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Provide access to information, ideas and works of imagination in any medium. • Serve as gateways to knowledge, thought and culture. 4

香港中文大學圖書館系統 University Library System, CUHK Role of Libraries (2) • Contribute to the development and maintenance of intellectual freedom and help to safeguard democratic values and universal civil rights. • Commit to offering access to relevant resources and services without restriction or any form of censorship. 5

University Library System, CUHK Roles of Libraries (3) • Acquire, preserve and make available the widest variety of materials, reflecting the plurality and diversity of society. • Select and provide library materials and services with regard to professional considerations and not to political, moral and religious views. 6 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Roles of Libraries (4) 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Make materials, facilities and services equally accessible to all users. • Avoid discrimination for any reason, including race, national or ethnic origin, gender or sexual preference, age, disability, religion, or political beliefs. 7

University Library System, CUHK Roles of Libraries (5) 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Protect each user's right to privacy and confidentiality with respect to information sought or received and resources consulted, borrowed, acquired or transmitted. 8

University Library System, CUHK Librarians as Information Providers in the Digital Era Rapid development of communication technologies Unprecedented opportunities for librarians to enhance their role as information providers, especially in narrowing the ‘digital divide’. 9 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Three factors influencing the role of librarians as information providers • Contract law (licensing agreements) versus copyright law • The pricing of digital content by vendors • The preservation of digital information. 10 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK FACTOR 1 Contract Law (Licensing Agreements) versus Copyright Law 香港中文大學圖書館系統 11

University Library System, CUHK Three Common Forms of Licensing Agreements 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • “standard-form” paper licenses • “shrink-wrap” licenses • “click-through” licenses 12

University Library System, CUHK Licensing Agreements 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Little opportunity to negotiate the terms of these licenses • Bargaining power between libraries and publishers is uneven • License agreements override copyright exceptions. 13

University Library System, CUHK Restrictions Imposed by License Agreements (1) 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Users printing , downloading or emailing copies of (parts of) the material; • The number, location, and organizational affiliation of users; • Libraries performing inter-library loan/document supply; 14

University Library System, CUHK Restrictions Imposed by License Agreements (2) 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Libraries copying the work for preservation purposes; • The use of a work beyond a certain date; • Libraries networking the work beyond library premises; 15

University Library System, CUHK Restrictions Imposed by License Agreements (3) 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Lending or otherwise disposing of a digital work; • The right to quote, analyze and even to index a work. 16

University Library System, CUHK Role of Librarians as Information Providers Threatened by Licensing • Who determines content of digital information? • Who controls access to information? • Can not-for-profit public lending continue? • Can resource-sharing among libraries go on? • How do we preserve information? 17 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Licensing versus Copyright Law 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Copyright legislation should not give copyright holders the power to use technological or contractual measures to override the exceptions and limitations enshrined in copyright law. • Licensing agreements should complement copyright legislation, not replace it. 18

香港中文大學圖書館系統 University Library System, CUHK IFLA’s Position on Licensing versus Copyright in the Digital Environment “Digital is NOT different!” 19

University Library System, CUHK Digital is NOT Different. “In national copyright legislation, exceptions to copyright and related rights, allowed in the Berne Convention and endorsed by the WIPO treaties, should be revised if necessary to ensure that permitted uses apply equally to information in electronic form and to information in print, and for copying over and above these provisions there should be administratively simple payment or licensing schemes. ” 香港中文大學圖書館系統 20

University Library System, CUHK Conditions of Use “For works in digital format, without incurring a further payment or seeking permission, all legitimate users of a library should be able to: • browse publicly available copyright material; • read, listen to, or view lawfully acquired publicly marketed copyright material privately, on site or remotely • copy, or have copied for them by library and information staff a reasonable proportion of a digital work in copyright for personal, educational or research use. ” 21 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK On Information Resource Sharing “Providing access to a digital format of a protected work to a user for a legitimate purpose such as research or study should be a permitted act under copyright law. ” 22 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK On Lending “The lending of published materials [e. g. CDROMs] by libraries should not be restricted by legislation. Contractual provisions should not override reasonable lending of electronic resources by library and information staff. “ 23 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK On Preservation and Conservation “Legislation should give libraries and archives permission to convert copyright protected materials into digital format for preservation and conservation related purposes, and libraries should be allowed to provide access to such materials both onsite and off-site. ” 24 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK On the Licensing Environment “National copyright legislation should render invalid any terms of a license that restrict or override exceptions or limitations embodied in copyright law where the license is established unilaterally by the rights owners without the opportunity for negotiation of the terms of the license by the user. At a minimum the license should permit users to read, download, and print materials for their own personal purposes, without restrictions. ” 25 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Standard Licensing Agreements • Digital Library Federation (strategic partners include the Library of Congress, the British Library, California Digital Library, and over 30 prominent US university libraries), the Council on Library and Information Resources, and the Yale University Library § Liblicense Standard Licensing Agreement • Joint University Librarians Advisory Committee (JULAC) § Standard License 26 香港中文大學圖書館系統

香港中文大學圖書館系統 University Library System, CUHK FACTOR 2 Pricing of Digital Content by Vendors 27

University Library System, CUHK Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Journal Purchasing (1) 1986 -1999 Price Increase Monographs 65 % Serials 207 % 28 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Journal Purchasing (2) • On average, research libraries dropped the number of serials subscriptions 6% from 1986 to 1999, while the number of new monographs purchased dropped 26%. 29 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Journal Purchasing (3) Though the number of new journal titles and books published continues to grow, librarians can afford to supply researchers with less and less information from an ever-expanding published content. Information Relative Library Holdings 30 香港中文大學圖書館系統

Scholarly Communication Nexus 香港中文大學圖書館系統 University Library System, CUHK Scholar writes article, for free Publisher receives article Publisher sends article for editing & referring Another scholar edits or referees, for free Scholarly Communication Nexus Scholars read own or refereed article in their library, which their University has paid for Library buys article in print and/or e-version Publisher publishes journal article, for sale, and copyrights it. 31

University Library System, CUHK SPARC (1) • Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition • Established in 1998, with nearly 300 institutions in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. • Create and develop competitive alternatives to current high-priced commercial journals and digital aggregations, and stimulate expansion of the non-profit sector's share of overall scholarly publishing activity. 32 香港中文大學圖書館系統

SPARC (2) 香港中文大學圖書館系統 University Library System, CUHK • Support publisher partnerships: § price and service competition; § fair pricing; § ethical use of scholarly resources; § intellectual property management policies that emphasize broad and easy distribution and re-use of material. 33

University Library System, CUHK Budapest Open Access Initiative • Released in 2002. • Aims to accelerate progress in the international effort to make research articles in all academic fields freely available on the Internet. • Over 100 organizations and 2, 000 individuals support BOAI in promoting open access to peer-reviewed journal literature. 34 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Open Archives Initiative (OAI) • Started in 1999 with the support of the DLF, CLIR, SPARC, ARL, and the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory • Investigates how e-print repositories in various locations can most easily share metadata about their holdings. 35 香港中文大學圖書館系統

Open Archives Initiative (2) 香港中文大學圖書館系統 University Library System, CUHK • Data provider § adopts a simple harvesting protocol; § provides extracts of its metadata in a common, minimal-level format in response to harvest requests; § records information about its collection in a shared registry. 36

Open Archives Initiative (3) 香港中文大學圖書館系統 University Library System, CUHK • Service provider § uses this registry to locate participating data providers; § uses the harvest protocol to collect metadata from data providers; § builds intellectually useful services, such as catalogues and portals to materials distributed across multiple e-print sites. 37

University Library System, CUHK Open Archives Initiative (4) 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Around 26 tools supporting OAI have been developed by various institutions and all of them are made available free of charge, including DSpace. 38

University Library System, CUHK DSpace • Developed jointly by MIT Libraries and Hewlett-Packard; • Freely available to research institutions worldwide as an open source system that can be customized and extended; • A digital institutional repository designed to capture, store, index, preserve, and redistribute the intellectual output of a university’s research faculty in digital formats. 39 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK The Chinese University of Hong Kong SIR • An intranet-based Scholarly Information Repository (SIR) • Begins with e-prints of articles and course outlines produced by CUHK scholars. • Use OAI technology 40 香港中文大學圖書館系統

香港中文大學圖書館系統 University Library System, CUHK FACTOR 3 Preservation of Digital Information 41

University Library System, CUHK Minimum Criteria for Archival Repository of Digital Scholarly Journals (1) In October 1999, CLIR, the DLF, and Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) convened groups of publishers and librarians: • Responsibility for archiving the content of electronic journals? • Minimum criteria for an e-journal archival repository? 42 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Minimum Criteria for Archival Repository of Digital Scholarly Journals (2) • Negotiate and accept appropriate deposits from scholarly publishers; • Obtain sufficient control of deposited information to ensure long-term preservation; • Policies and procedures which ensure that information is preserved against all reasonable contingencies. 香港中文大學圖書館系統 43

University Library System, CUHK Preservation of Digital Information by Librarians as Content Providers • Libraries play an increasingly important role as digital information producers. • University libraries provide web-based fulltext access to: • Theses and dissertations, faculty-generated teaching materials, preprints, open-access journals, and other intellectual resources produced on campus. 44 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Preservation of Digital Information by Librarians as Content Providers • National libraries are also major information producers: • Turning the Pages developed by the British Library • American Memory developed by the Library of Congress 45 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Concluding Remarks • Librarians’ core values are still being embraced: • the acquisition, recording, storage and preservation of information; • free and common access to that information by identifiable user groups and communities. 46 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Symbiotic Relationship • Librarians have always respected intellectual property rights. • Librarians have consistently acknowledged that if authors and composers of material in their libraries did not profit from their work, these same originators would cease their artistic and scholarly pursuits. There would then be nothing for librarians to acquire and lend. 47 香港中文大學圖書館系統

University Library System, CUHK Yin-yang Concept 香港中文大學圖書館系統 • Information Commons versus Pay-for-view • Freedom of information versus Intellectual property 48

University Library System, CUHK 香港中文大學圖書館系統 THANK YOU 49