UNITVIII Communication of research findings PREPARED BY Mr

UNIT-VIII Communication of research findings PREPARED BY: Mr. Gireesh G. R

LEARNING OBJECTIVES • At the end of class the learner will be able to a) Understand types of scientific misconduct b) Elaborate on various ways of communication of research findings c) Recall strategies for communication of research findings d) understand preparation of research report e) Recall steps involved in preparation of abstract and poster

INTRODUCTION • Nursing is concerned about the quality of its research generated knowledge base. • A research project is really not completed unless the findings have been communicated to others. (Rose Marie Nieswiadomy, 2008) • Failure to communicate study findings is a form of scientific misconduct. (Winslow, 1996).

Research misconduct • On the process of communicating research, the investigator involves such practices as fabrication, falsification, plagiarisms or other practices. (ORI, 2003, 42 CFR section 50. 102)

Types of scientific Misconduct 1. Fabrication Making up data or results 2. Falsification Manipulation research by changing or omitting data 3. Plagiarism Stealing intellectual property or taking credit for other individual’s work a. Plagiarism of ideas Using another person’s ideas, without giving appropriate credit b. Plagiarism of text Using another person’s words without giving appropriate credit

Contd…. 4. Without citing the source –verbatim copying Using text or any materials of others without acknowledging the source 5. Paraphragiarism Using the text of others with a few changes or mixing the other’s texts without acknowledging the source(s) 6. With citing the source -Verbatim copying Using the text of others with citing the origin but without using quotation marks

Contd…. 7. Inappropriate paraphrasing Using texts of others while citing the origin but only with minor changes in the words or structure 8. Copyright infringement Using a large part of others’ words (in quotation marks) that violates the copyright 9. Self plagiarism a. Duplication publication Publication of paper or results in more than one journal

Contd…. b. Salami publication • Publication of each part of the results of one study in several papers. c. Practice of text recycling Using one’s own text in several different papers as the copyright is reserved.

Communication of research findings • Research not published is research not done • The goal of research is to generate sound scientific knowledge and disseminate its findings for evidence-based practice • Communication of research findings is the last formal step in the research process, but it is the most important phase of research – the utilization of research findings.

Ways of communication Two major ways of communication of research findings Oral Written

Strategies for communicating research findings NURSES PRESENTATIONS 1. Nursing research conferences 2. Clinical practice conferences and meetings 3. Videotaped and audio taped presentations from conferences and meetings. 4. In-service education programs 5. Agency-based research committee & journal club.

Contd…. Written reports • Research publication in professional journals • Research publications in books • Monographs from research and clinical conferences and meetings • Theses and dissertations • Nursing research newsletter • Outlets on the internet

Contd…. . HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS: Presentations • Professional conferences and meetings in other disciplines • Interdisciplinary team meetings Written reports • Research publications in professional journals and books in other disciplines. • Interdisciplinary research newsletter

Contd… POLICY MAKERS: Presentations • Presentations on health problems to state and federal legislators Written reports • Research reports developed for legislators • Research reports published by funding agencies • Electronic databases (WHO, GOI. . ) • Agency for health care policy and research (AHCPR) clinical practice guidelines.

Contd… • HEALTH CARE CONSUMERS: Presentations– television and radio – community meetings – patient and family teaching Written reports • Newspaper • News and popular magazines, • Electronic databases

Preparing a research report • Research report is a written or oral summary of a study. Research report should contain 4 sections • • Introduction Method Results Discussion

Preparing a research report Introduction chapter should contain » Research problem » Significance of the problem » The context in which the problem is selected to study.

Preparing a research report “Method section” should contain detailed description of the research methods “Result Section” should contain statistical analyses are summarised in Tables and Graphs. “Discussion Section” should contain: • Main Findings • Interpretation findings and inferences • Evidences to support the findings if not justification for the findings • Comparison of results with prior knowledge on the topic • Conclusion, implications and recommendations

Preparing an abstract • An abstract is the summary of a study that the researcher wishes to present at a conference.

Preparing an abstract Abstract should contain Purpose, research questions or hypothesis, design, methodology, main findings, and conclusions (with limited words)

Oral presentation or paper presentation • The word “paper” is used because of the report of the study has been written out on paper. • Co-author may also present the paper • Paper gets published in conference proceedings. • 15 -30 mts is usually allotted to present • Research process is presented chronologically. Some may present findings first.

Contd… • Review of literature is not usually discussed in detail. • Conference organizers distribute evaluation sheets and the audience rate.

Presenting a research poster Posters should contain – • Problem statement • Hypothesis • Distribution of sample • Methods • Findings and Conclusion (Diagrams, graphs and tables are used to present findings).

Publishing a journal article Traditional journals, on-line journals. • Ethical integrity is essential to writing and publications. • Readers want assurance that information & knowledge are accurate & trustworthy.

Contd… Journal article contains • Introduction • Review of literature • Methods • Findings and discussion • Style and format varies between journals • Pick up target journal and follow its format

Types of Journals of two types: • Referred journals: subject experts evaluate manuscript (peer review) • Non referred journals: Editorial staff review manuscript

Methods of review • Open review : Author sees the reviewer’s comments • Blind review: Reviewers are not aware of the author’s identity Applied nursing research sends manuscripts to two teams of reviewers. Each team consists of clinician and a researcher/academician. Individual reports later made as a joint report

Reasons for manuscript rejection • • Poorly written The content is not comprehensive There are inaccuracies in the content Not appropriate for the particular journal

Reasons for manuscript rejection • Journal has recently published a similar article • Poorly developed idea, term paper style, methodology problems, content undocumented, content not important, clinically not applicable, statistical problems, data interpretation problems and too technical (Swanson et al. 1991)

Preparing Thesis & Dissertation are means of communication to fulfill educational requirements. Purposes: Communicating research findings & the students ability to perform scholarly work.

Preparing Thesis & Dissertation • Theses are concerned with testing existing theory. • Dissertations focus on refining existing theories or generating new theories.

Characteristics of communicating research report Conciseness • It saves the reader’s time Clarity • It helps the reader to understand the points being made Honesty • Necessary to maintain the respect of the leader Completeness • Enables the reader to evaluate the study Accuracy • Being free of error

References • Research reports give a list of references cited in the text, using a reference style of either Vancouver, Campbell or APA. • Software programs to facilitate the preparation of reference lists (Eg. End Note, Procite, Reference Manager, Format Ease)

Contd… • The Vancouver style, or Uniform Requirements style, is based on a standard basis adapted by the National Library of Medicine (NLM). For database such as Medline. • It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical journals who now meet annually as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Over 500 medical journals use this style. • It is a numeric citation system.

Conclusion • As nurses, we need to maintain high standards of scholarly work and stress the importance of integrity in the dissemination of knowledge.

EVALUATION Question 1. Explain in details various methods involved in communication of research findings 2. Explain in steps involved in preparation of research abstract

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