UNITS 4 AND 6 THE IBERIAN PENINSULA FROM

UNITS 4 AND 6 THE IBERIAN PENINSULA FROM 8 TH TO 15 TH CENTURIES

IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL… How the Muslims conquered the Iberian Peninsula Study the political evolution of Al-Andalus Identify the main economic, social and cultural characteristics of Al-Andals Learn about the emergence and expansion of the Christian Kingdoms during the Reconquest Identify the main characteristics of the culture of the period

TIMELINE TE A R U INACC !!! WHY? ? ? DEPENDENT EMIRATE INDEPENDENT EMIRATE CALIFPHATE OF CORDOBA TAIFA KINGDOMS, NORTH AFRICAN EMPIRES NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA 711 -756 756 -929 929 -1031 -1232 -1492

CORRECT!!!

THE CONQUEST (711 -756) ARAB AND BERBER FORCES CROSSED OVER FROM NORTH AFRICA TO THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN 711. THIS MUSLIM ARMY DEFEATED THE VISIGOTHS UNDER THEIR KING RODRIGO AT THE BATTLE OF GUADALETE (711), BEGINNING THE ISLAMIC CONQUEST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA THAT WAS EFFECTIVE IN JUST A FEW YEARS Thinking in groups and writing the possible answers… SHORT AND ORIGINAL INTRODUCTION IN SPANISH REASONS WHY THE MUSLIMS WERE SUCCESSFUL

THE CONQUEST (711 -756) THERE WERE TWO MAIN REASONS WHY THE MUSLIMS WERE SUCCESSFUL: RAPID ISLAMIC EXPANSION HAD TAKEN PLACE ALL ACROSS THE 1 MEDITERRANEAN, SO THE CONQUEST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA WAS REALLY PART OF THIS PROCESS THERE WERE INTERNAL DIVISIONS IN THE 2 VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM, CAUSED BY CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE MONARCHY AND THE NOBILITY ONE VISIGOTHIC FACTION (AGILA, WITIZA´S SON) ASKED FOR HELP FROM THE MUSLIMS OF NORTH AFRICA IN THEIR CIVIL WAR WITH RODRIGO

THE CONQUEST (711 -756)

THE DEPENDANT EMIRATE (711 -756) THE VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM OFFERED LITTLE RESISTANCE IN ONLY A FEW YEARS THE MUSLIM ARMIESCONQUERED NEARLY ALL THE PENINSULA. THE NEW NAME GIVEN TO THIS TERRITORY WAS ALANDALUS, AND IT WAS INITIALLY UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE CALIPH OF DAMASCUS. ITS CAPITAL WAS CORDOBA AFTER THE CONQUEST AL-ANDALUS BECAME AN EMIRATE: A PROVINCE DEPENDENDA NT ON THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE OF DAMASCUS. THE CAPITAL WAS CORDOBA

THE EMIRATE OF CORDOBA (756 -929) THERE WAS UN UPHEAVAL IN THE MUSLIM WORLD IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 8 TH CENTURY WHEN THE UMAYYAD DINASTY WAS REPLACED BY THE ABBASIDS HOWEVER, AN UMAYYAD PRINCE MANAGED TO ESCAPE FROM DAMASCUS AND REACH THE IBERIAN PENINSULA UNDER THE NAME OF ABD AL-RAHMAN I, HE FOUNDED AN INDEPENDENT EMIRATE IN CORDOBA IN 756

THE CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA (929 -1031) ABDERRAMAN III PROCLAIMED HIMSELF CALIPH IN 929. FROM THEN ON THE CALIPHS OF CORDOBA WERE ABSOLUTE RULERS WHO HELD BOTH POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY THERE WAS A PERIOD OF GREAT CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENT UNDER THE CALIPHATE. HOWEVER, BY LATE 10 TH CENTURY, THE CALIPHATE WAS WEAKENED AND THE GRAND VIZIER AL-MANSUR HELD THE REAL POWER AFTER AL-MANSUR´S DEATH, THERE WAS A PERIOD OF CONFLICT WHICH CULMINATED IN THE BREAK-UP OF THE CALIPHATE

THE BEGINNING OF THE TAIFA KINGDOMS (1031 -1086) MANY SMALL KINGDOMS CALLED TAIFAS WERE FORMED AFTER THE END OF THE CALIPHATE THE TAIFA KINGDOMS WERE STILL PROSPEROUS AND CULTURALLY ADVANCED BUT THEY WERE MUCH WEAKER AND SMALLER THAN THE CALIPHATE HAD BEEN CONSEQUENTLY, THE CHRISTIANS WERE ABLE TO MAKE THEM PAY TAXES, OR PARIAS, IN RETURN FOR PEACE

THE DECLINE OF AL-ANDALUS (1031 -1492) AFTER THE FALL OF THE CALIPHATE (1031) THERE WERE A COMBINED SUCCESSION OF TAIFA KINGDOMS AND NORTH AFRICAN EMPIRES THAT FOUGHT FOR MAINTAINING ALANDALUS UNITY. AL-ANDALUS TERRITORIY WAS DIMINISHING UNTIL THE NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA KEPT THE IT FOR A WHILE (1232 -1492) ALMORAVIDS ALMOHADS

THE ALMORAVIDS (1085 -1145) THE WEAK TAIFA STATES LOST TERRITORIES TO THE CHRISTIANS IN THE 11 TH CENTURY AFTER THE CONQUEST OF TOLEDO (1085) BY ALPHONSE VI, THE KINGS OF TAIFAS DECIDED TO STOP CHRISTIAN ADVANCE BY SEEKING HELP FROM THE MUSLIMS IN THE NORTH OF AFRICA, FIRST THE ALMORAVIDS, THEN THE ALMOHADS

THE ALMOHADS (1172 -1212) THE ALMOHADS REPLACED THE ALMORAVIDS AS THE CONTROLLING POWER IN THE NORTH OF AFRICA FOR A WHILE THEY STOPPED CHRISTIAN EXPANSION BUT IN 1212 WERE DEFEATED AT THE BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA THE CHRISTIANS GRADUALLY CONQUERED THESE SAMALL KINGDOMS UNTIL AL-ANDALUS WAS REDUCED TO THE NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA SEVILLA

THE NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA (1212 -1492) THE MUSLIM KINGDOM OF GRANADA, GOVERNED BY THE NASRID DINASTY MANAGED TO SURVIVE IN THE PENINSULA FOR MORE THAN TWO CENTURIES. THIS WAS POSSIBLE THANKS TO SEVERAL CIRCUMSTANCES P U O R G G N I K THIN WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES OR REASONS WERE THOSE THAT ALLOWED THIS KINGDOM TO LAST FOR SEVERAL CENTURIES? ?

THE NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA (1212 -1492) 1 THE GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION, STRATEGICALLY DEFENDED BY THE BETIC CHAIN 2 THE PAYMENT OF TRIBUTES (PARIAS) TO THE KINGS OF CASTILLA 3 THE SUPPORT OF MUSLIMS FROM THE NORTH OF AFRICA 4 THE INTERNAL CONFLICTS AT THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS THAT KEPT THEM OCCUPIED

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY THE MUSLIMS ACHIEVED A HIGH LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE, CRAFTMANSHIP AND TRADE GROUP D ISCUSSIO WHAT SP N!! ECIFIC AS PECTS O ECONOM F THE Y WERE DEVELOP WITH TH ED E MUSLI MS? ? ? ? AGRICULTURE CRAFTS TRADE

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY THE MUSLIMS ACHIEVED A HIGH LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE, CRAFTMANSHIP AND TRADE GOLD DI NAR AN D SILVER DIRHAM AS A SIN G CURREN CY FAVO LE URED COMME RCIAL AC TIVITY AGRICULTURE WATER WAS CAREFULLY REGULATED THROUGH IRRIGATION, CANALS AND MILLS. NEW CROPS, SUCH AS RICE, COTTON AND CITRUS FRUITS WERE IMPORTED FROM ASIA CRAFTS TRADE CRAFTS WERE CARRIED OUT IN CITIES AND REACHED A VERY HIGH LEVEL IN LEATHER, IRON, POTTERY AND GLASS. TRADE WAS VERY ACTIVE BECAUSE THE MUSLIMS WERE THE INTERMEDIARIES BETWEEN THE EAST AND WEST. THEY IMPORTED RAW MATERIALS AND LUXURY ITEMS LIKE GOLD, SILVER, IVORY AND SILK. THEY ALSO BROUGHT IN SLAVES

THE SOCIETY OF AL-ANDALUS THE MUSLIMS WERE TOLERANT OF THE REST OF THE POPULATION SO ONLY SMALL GROUPS OF CHRISTIANS DECIDED TO LEAVE THEIR LANDS. THE SOCIETY OF AL-ANDALUS WAS DIVERSE CONQUERORS ARABS THEY WERE AN ARISTOCRAC Y HOLDING POLITICAL POWER AND FORMED A WEALTHY, LANDOWNIN G ELITE BERBERS FROM NORTH AFRICA THEY RECEIVED LESS FERTILE LANDS AND HELD LITTLE POWER (PARTICIPAT ED IN REBELLIONS) LOCAL POPULATION NON MUSLIMS CHRISTIAN S MULADIS MOZARABS FORMER CHRISTIAN S WHO CONVERTE D TO ISLAM CHRISTIAN S IN MUSLIM TERRITORY JEWS VERY INFLUENTI AL SINCE THEY WERE INVOLVED IN TRADE, FINANCE, CRAFTS AND CULTURAL

THE CULTURAL LEGACY OF AL-ANDALUS THE CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF AL-ANDALUS WERE VERY IMPRESSIVE, ESPECIALLY UNDER THE CALIPHATE MATHEMATIC S THE MUSLIMS INTRODUCED ALGEBRA AND ARABIC NUMBERS. PHILOSOPHY THE MUSLIM AVERROES REVIVED THE STUDY OF ARISTOTLE, WHICH LED TO HIS REDISCOVERY BY MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHERS

CALIPHAL ART BU PO M IL OR AT D ER ING S IA L ARCHITECTURE WAS AN ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT ART FORM BECAUSE PAINTING AND SCULPUTRE WERE HARDLY USED AND MAINLY TO DECORATE BUILDINGS FINE DECORATION COVERED THESE MATERIALS. AS REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HUMAN FIGURE WERE NOT ALLOWED THEY USED DECORATIVE GEOMETRIC OR PLANT PATTERNS. THEY ALSO ADORNED BUILDINGS WITH VERY FINE WRITING, OR CALLIGRAPHY, USING TEXTS FRO M THE QURAN THE MUSLIMS USED BOTH THE HORSESHOE ARCH AND THE HIGHLY ELABORATE MULTIFOIL ARCH. MOST CEILINGS WERE FLAT AND WERE COVERED BY WOOD, BUT THERE WERE ALSO LUXURIOUSLY DECORATED DOMES CO SH NT AR R P S AS T O E HO RS AR ES CH H DE FI CO NE O RA N TI THEY USED POOR BUILDING MATERIALS SUCH AS BRICKS AND PLASTER. THEY SOMETIMES REUSED STONE AND MARBLE FROM THE ROMAN AND VISIGOTHIC BUILDINGS THE INTERIORS OF BUILDINGS WERE CAREFULLY DESIGNED. SCREENS WERE USED TO CREATE SHARP CONTRASTS BETWEEN LIGHT AND SHADE. WATER WAS ALSO AN IMPORTANT PART OF INTERIOR DESIGN, WHICH INCORPORATED FOUNTAINS AND POOLS THE GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA MEDINA AZAHARA

MINARET MIHRAB KIBLAH HALL OF PRAYER (HARAM) COURTYARD (SAHAN) SUN CLOCK PARTS OF A MOSQUE FOUNTAIN FOR ABLUTIONS (SIBIL)

ALMANNZ OR ALHAKEN II ABDERRAMAN III GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA

MEDINA AZAHARA

ART DURING THE ALMOHAD PERIOD THE MOST SIGNIFICANT MONUMENTS FROM THIS PERIOD ARE THE GIRALDA AND THE TORRE DEL ORO, BOTH IN SEVILLA THE GIRALDA THE TORRE DEL ORO

NASRID ART THE MOST IMPORTANT MONUMENT IS THE ALHAMBRA IN GRANADA. ALHAMBRA MEANS “THE RED”, A NAME THAT COMES FROM THE RED COLOUR OF ITS WALLS. IT WAS BUILT AS A FORTRESS PALACE AND IT HAS A CASTLE AND A PALACE COMPLEX

THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

AREAS OF CHRISTIAN RESISTENCE THE MUSLIM CONQUEST WAS NOT COMPLETE IN ALL PARTS OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA CANTABRIAN OR WEST AREA PYRINEES OR EAST AREA HISPANO-VISIGOTHS MAINTAINED THEIR INDEPENDENCE IN THE CANTABRIAN MOUNTAINS (WEST) AND IN THE PYRENEES (EAST) OVER TIME, CHRISTIAN TERRITORIES TURNED INTO KINGDOMS AND LITTLE BY LITTLE TOOK OVER AREAS OF ALANDALUS THIS PROCESS IS CALLED THE RECONQUEST

THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS PYRINEES OR EAST AREA CANTABRIAN OR WEST AREA KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL KINGDOM OF LEON KINGDOM OF CASTILLA ALANDALUS THE RECONQUEST YEAR BY YEAR… JUSTA A MAP AND ITS ADVANCES… KINGDOM OF NAVARRA KINGDOM OF ARAGON THE CATALAN COUNTIES

THE KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS AND LEON ASTURIAS WAS THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN KINGDOM TO BE CREATED ON THE PENINSULA FOLLOWING THE MUSLIM CONQUESTS. THIS WAS WHERE THE ASTURIAN NOBLE PELAYO DEFEATED THE MUSLIMS AT THE BATTLE OF COVADONGA (722) THE KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS (739 -913)

THE INDEPENDENCE OF CASTILLA THE COUNTY OF CASTILLA EMERGED ALONG THE EASTERN FRONTIER OF THE KINGDOM OF LEON, WHERE THERE WERE FREQUENT MUSLIM ATTACKS.

THE CROWN OF CASTILLA AND LEON HAD BEEN CLOSELY CONNECTED IN THE 11 TH AND 12 TH CENTURIES. IN THE 13 TH CENTURY THE TWO KINGDOMS WERE DEFINITIVELY UNITED WITH FERNANDO III (1230) UNDER HIS SON, ALFONSO X EL SABIO, CASTILLA WAS HOME TO CONSIDERABLE CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS THE MUSLIMS DID NOT OFFER MUCH REAL RESISTANCE TO THE CHRISTIAN ADVANCES AFTER THE DEFEAT OF THE ALMOHADS IN THE BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA (1212)

THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS OF THE EAST (PYRENEES) AS ASTURIAS AND LEON EMERGED IN THE NORTH-WEST OF THE PENINSULA, THERE WERE OTHER CHRISTIAN REGIONS THAT FOUGHT FOR THEIR INDEPENDENCE FROM THE MUSLIMS AND THE FRANKS KINGDOM OF NAVARRA KINGDOM OF ARAGON CATALAN COUNTIES

THE KINGDOM OF NAVARRA THE KINGDOM REACHED ITS GREATEST TERRITORIAL EXPANSION UNDER SANCHO III THE GREAT (1000 -1035), WHO UNIFIED THE KINGDOMS OF NAVARRA, ARAGÓN AND CASTILLA HIS REIGN, AT THE END OF INGDOM K IS H D E ID IV D HE NS AMONG HIS SO

THE KINGDOM OF ARAGON THE CENTRAL PART OF THE PYRINEES WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE COUNTIES UNDER FRANKISH CONTROL: SOBRARBE, RIBAGORZA AND ARAGON BUT ON THE DEATH OF SANCHO III THE GREAT (FROM PAMPLONA), HIS SON RAMIRO I INHERITED ARAGÓN AND BECAME ITS FIRST KING (THE TWO OTHER COUNTIES SOBRARBE AND RIBAGORZABECAME PART OF THIS KINGDOM)

THE SPANISH MARCH AND THE CATALAN COUNTIES THE FRANKISH KINGS CONTROLLED TERRITORIES SOUTH OF THE PYRENEES IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH A BORDER ZONE WHICH WOULD BE A BARRIER AGAINST MUSLIM ATTACKS THESE TERRITORIES IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES WERE CALLED THE SPANISH MARCH. THE COUNTY OF BARCELONA BECAME THE MOST IMPORTANT COUNTY IN THE SPANISH MARCH AND TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE WEAKENING OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE ACHIEVED FULL INDEPENDENCE IN THE 10 TH CENTURY WITH BORRELL II

THE CROWN OF ARAGÓN THE CROWN OF ARAGON WAS FOUNDED IN 1137, WHEN PETRONILA, THE HEIRESS OF ARAGON, MARRIED RAMÓN BERENGUER IV, COUNT OF FROM THEN ON THE BARCELONA CROWN BEGAN TO EXPAND IN VARIOUS DIRECTIONS: IN ALANDALUS AND THROUHGOUT THE MEDITERRANEAN AFTER THE RECONQUEST COMMERCIAL INTERESTS PROMOTED CATALANARAGONESE EXPANSION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. TRADE WAS THE CRUCIAL MOTIVE

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 1: MONARCHY CASTILLA IN CASTILLA THE MONARCHY WAS UNITARIAN. THIS MEANS THAT THE TERRITORY WAS A SINGLE ENTITY AND POWER WAS CENTRALISED IN THE KING CROWN OF RAGON IN THIS CASE THE MONARCHY WAS FEDERAL, THIS MEANS THAT IT WAS COMPOSED OF SEVERAL KINGDOMS (ARAGON, CATALONIA, MALLORCA AND VALENCIA), AND THEY HAD THEIR OWN INSTITUTIONS, LAWS AND TRADITIONS. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 2: THE CORTES FROM THE LATE 12 TH CENTURY ON KINGS STARTED CALLING CITY REPRESENTATIVES TOGETHER WITH NOBLES AND CLERGY. THIS IS THE ORIGIN OF THE CORTES. ASSAMBLIES THAT WERE FORMED BY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE THREE STATES

CHRISTIAN RESETTLEMENT OR REPOPULATION THE AREA CONTROLLED BY THE CHRISTIAN REQUIRED A PROCESS OF RESETTLEMENT (REPOBLACIÓN), WHICH WAS CARRIED OUT IN SEVERAL WAYS APRISIO CHARTERS (FUEROS OR CONCEJOS) MILITARY ORDERS REPARTIMIENTOS (BY DISTRIBUTION)

SOCIAL DIVISIONS SPECIAL PRIVILEGIES, INCLUDING SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, EXEMPTION FROM TAXES, AND ACCESS TO IMPORTANT POSITIONS IN ADMINISTRATION COMMON PEOPLE HAD NONE OF THESE PRIVILEGES AND WERE EITHER PEASANTS OR BELONGED TO DIFFERENT URBAN GROUPS NOBILITY CLERGY URBAN SOCIETY COMMONS URBAN OLIGARCHY MIDDLE CLASS OR RULING CLASS, OF WEALTHY MERCHANTS AND LANDOWNERS FORMED BY SMALLER MERCHANTS AND CRAFTS PEOPLE POOR PEOPLE WITHOUT A TRADE SPECIAL QUARTERS JUDERÍAS FOR JEWS MORERÍAS FOR MUSLIMS ALTHOUGH MANY CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY (CONVERSOS AND MUDEJARES), THEY KEPT THEIR TRADITIONS

THE ECONOMY OF CASTILLA THE WOOL INDUSTRY WAS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT IN MEDIEVAL CASTILLA RECONQUERED A LOT OF LAND FURTHER SOUTH SO IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO MOVE SHEEP LONG DISTANCES ALONG NORTH-SOUTH CALLED CAÑANDAS IN 1273 ALFONSO X GROUPED THE MAIN SHEEP OWNERS TOGETHER IN AN ORGANISATION CALLED THE MESTA. THIS SUPERVISED GREAT MIGRATIONS OF SHEEP ACROSS CASTILLA

THE ECONOMY OF THE CROWN OF ARAGON WAS A FEDERATION OF SEPARATE KINGDOMS. THERE WERE IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ECONOMIES OF EACH ONE ARAGON CATALUÑA VALENCIA THE PROSPERITY OF THE CITIES LED TO THE GROWTH OF A WEALTHY BOURGEOISIE THAT CONTROLLED URBAN LIFE. THERE WAS NO EQUIVALENT TO THIS URBAN PATRICIATE IN CASTILLA

CULTURE IN THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS THE WAY OF SAINT JAMES THE COEXISTENCE OF THE THREE CULTURES THIS ROUTE HAD ITS ORIGIN IN 813 WHEN A HERMIT FOUND A TOMB IN GALICIA THAT IDENTIFIED AS THE TOMB OF SANTIAGO. LATER PILGRIMS WENT TO VISIT THE TOMB, EITHER FOR PENITENCE, OR THANKSGIVING, AND HAVE DONE SO EVER SINCE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES THREE DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS CULTURES COEXISTED IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA: THE CHRISTIAN, THE JEWISH AND THE ISLAMIC CULTURE. COEXISTENCE WAS NOT ALWAYS EASY, BUT IT PRODUCED SOME IMPORTANT CULTURAL BENEFITS. THE MOST IMPORTANT WAS THE TOLEDO SCHOOL OF TRANSLATORS, FOUNDED BY ALFONSO X EL SABIO