UNITI LEVELS OF PREVENTION IN HEALTH PREPARED BY

UNIT-I LEVELS OF PREVENTION IN HEALTH PREPARED BY: Mr. Gireesh G. R

LEARNING OBJECTIVES • At the end of class the learner will be able to a) Describe various levels of disease prevention b) Elaborate on rehabilitation

INTRODUCTION • DEFINITION OF PREVENTION • The Management Of Those Factors That Could Lead To Disease So As To Prevent The Occurrence Of the Disease. -Mosby dictionary

Different Levels Of Prevention

PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION Definition: “It is the prevention of emergence of risk factors in populations, in which they have not yet appeared”. INTERVENTIONS: The main intervention in primordial prevention is through individual and mass health education.

• PRIMARY PREVENTION DEFINITION Primary prevention can be defined as “ action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur”.

Population (mass) Strategy: It is directed at the whole population irrespective of an individual risk levels. High- risk Strategy: It aims to bring preventive care to individuals at special risk. This requires detection of individuals ar high risk by the optimum use of clinical methods

INTERVENTIONS • General Health promotion • Specific protection

General Health promotion Health education Environmental modifications Nutritional interventions Lifestyle and behavioural changes

• General Health promotion Health education to improve healthy habits and health consciousness in the community. Improvement in nutritional standards of the community. Healthful physical environment (Housing, watersupply, excreta disposal, etc. , ) Good working condition Mariage Counselling Periodic Selective examination of risk population

• Specific protection Use of Specific immunization (BCG, DPT, MMR vaccines) Chemoprophylaxis (tetracycline for Cholera, dapsone for Leprosy, Chloroquine for malaria, etc. , ) Use of specific nutrients (vitamin A for Children, iron- folic acid tablets for Pregnant mothers) Protection against accidents (Use of helmet, seatbelt, etc. , ) Protection against occupational hazards. Avoidance of allergens. Protection from air pollution

• SECONDARY PREVENTION • Definition • The action which halts the progressof a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications”.

Objectives of secondary prevention Complete cure and prevent the progression of disease process. To prevent the spreads of disease by curing all the known cases. To prevent the complications and sequel of disease. To shorten the period of disability.

Interventions Individual and mass case-finding measures. Screening surveys(urine examination for diabetes, etc. , ) Selective examination

Tertiary Prevention All measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing departures from good health and to promote the patient’s adjustment to irremediable conditions

Modes of intervention Disability limitation Rehabilitation

Disability limitation Disease Impairment Disability Handicap

REHABILITATION Medical rehabilitation-Restoration of bodily function Vocational rehabilitation-Restoration of the capacity to earn a livelihood. Social rehabilitation-Restoration of family and social relationship. Psychological rehabilitation-Restoration of personal dignity and confidence

Examples of Rehabilitation Establishing schools for the blind. Prevention of aids for the crippled. Reconstructive surgery in Leprosy. Change of profession for a more suitable one and modification of life in general in the case of TB, etc. ,

Conclusion • Primary prevention includes those measures that prevent the onset of illness before the disease process begins. Immunization against infectious disease is a good example. • Secondary prevention includes those measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease. • Breast self-examination is a good example of secondary prevention. • Tertiary prevention involves the rehabilitation of people who have already been affected by a disease, or activities to prevent an established disease from becoming worse.

EVALUATION Question 1. Define various levels of disease prevention?

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