UNITI CHAPTER1 Physical Features of the Punjab Introduction

UNIT-I CHAPTER-1 Physical Features of the Punjab

Introduction : - The Punjab – The land of five Rivers sutlez, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum. The word “Punjab” is derived from Persian words. Punj (Five) and Ab (water or Rivers) the land of Five Rivers. Different name of the Punjab (1) Sapt – sindhu (2) Pan hananda (3) Panta potamia (4) Uttarapath (5) Tse – kai. I The Himalayas and its ranges. II The sub – Mountain region. III The plains.

v 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. v v v Doab of Punjab : The Bist Jullundur Doab. The Bari Doab. The Rachna Doab. The Chhaj Doab. The Sindh Sagar Doab. Climate, Rainfall and soil. Flora and Fauna. Agricultural and mineral products.

The Influence of Physical Features of Punjab. (A) Political Effects 1. The Punjab as the Gateway of India. 2. The prosperity of Punjab OR The center of attraction for the foreign invader. 3. Punjab the arena of decisive battle of India. 4. The problem of defense of the North west – Frontier OR Foreign invasions the rough the North western ranges. 5. Effect on the system of Government. 6. Influence upon the Punjabi characters. 7. Set-back to Art and Literature OR loss to Art and Literature. 8. Effect of rivers. 9. Effect of Hill and Forest.

(B) Economic effects 1. Economic prosperity of the Punjab. 2. Agriculture The main occupation of the people. OR Punjab as an agriculture oriented. 3. Trade relations with foreign countries. 4. Growth of commercial cities – Lahore, Multan, Amritsar, sirhind. 5. Self-sufficient unites. (C) Social effects 1. Unique culture of the Punjab. 2. Brave nature of the Punjabi OR Martial races of Punjab. 3. Social changes introduced in Punjab. 4. The Punjab – a hub of civilization.

(D)Religions effects 1. Growth of Hinduism. 2. Spread of Islam in Punjab. 3. Birth and Growth of Sikhism. 4. Hinduism become unpopular in the long run.

CHAPTER-2 HISTORICAL SOURCES INTRODUCTION : Sources are essential for writing the history of Ancient India. Literary Sources Archaeological Sources

(A)Literary Sources: (1)Religious Literature (a) Hindu Literature (b) Buddhist Literature (c) Jain Literature (2) Secular Literature (3)Sangam Literature (4)Account Of Foreign Travelers

(1)Religious Literature (a)Hindu Literature : The. Vedas (Rigveda, Samaveda, Athravave da, Yajurveda), Brahamana Granth, Upanishads and Aranyakas book for writing history of ancient period

(b)Buddhist Literature 1. Tri-Pitakas (i)Viney Pitaka (ii)Sutta Pitaka (iii)Abhidhamma Pitaka 2. Jatakas 3. Dipavanas 4. Mahavansa

(c)Jain Literature • Jain Literature : -The Jain Literature are- 12 Angas, 12 Up-Angas, 10 prakaran, 6 Chhed Sutra, Nandi Suttra, Anu Yoga Suttra and Mula Suttra , Parishishat Parva of Hem. Chander etc. • Bhadra Bahu Charit throws light on the life of Chandra Gupta Maurya

(2)Secular Literature • Secular Literature: -The ancient Indians • • wrote some secular literature. Harsh Charita of Harsha Vardhan Prithvi Raj Raso of Chand Bardai Rajtarangni of Kalhana Kumar Pala Charit of Hem Chandra

(3)Sangam Literature: The most Important sources about South India is Sangam Literature

(4)Account Of Foreign Travelers: (i)Writing of Chinese(a)Fahien (399 -414 A. D. ) (b)Hieun Tasng-(630 -644 A, D. ) Si-Yu-Ki(Records of the western world) (c)Itsing(673 -685 A. D. )

(B). Archaeological Sources are Coins, Inscriptions, Monuments, Old Building, Temples, Weapons Tools, Idols, Paintings, Seals and remains of excavations etc.

CHAPTER-3 Harappan Culture • Extent and Town Planning

INTRODUCTION : - In 1921 -22 A. D. as a result of the excavations made by R. D. Bannerji, Ram sahni, sir John marshal and Mortimer wheeler at Mohenjodaro and Harappa, a new civilization came in to lime light, which is known as Harappan Culture.

EXTENT: - Harappa ( in Montgomery districts of Pakistan) Mohenjodaro (in Larkana district of Sindh province) Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Rangpur, Lothal (Gujarat) Kotla Nihang khan, Sanghal (Punjab) Banvali, Mitathal (Haryana) , Alamgirpur (U. P. )

(I) Town Planning : (1)Roads (2)Drainage System (3)Houses of Residence (4)The Great Bath at Mohenjodaro (5)The Great Granary at Harappa (6)Assembly Hall (7)Collegiate Building OR Education center,

UNIT-II CHAPTER-4 Harappan Culture (A)Social life (B) Economic life (C) Religious life

(A) Social life : (1)Diet, Dress and ornaments (2) Make-Up (3)Means of Entertainment (4)Condition of women (5)Household Articles (6) medicines (7)Education (8)Disposal of Dead.

(B) Economic life : (1) Agriculture and Rearing of Animal. (2) Other occupation (3) Trade and commerce (4) weights and measurements (5) Art and Industry (6) Hunting and Fishing (7) Use of Metals

(C) Religious life : (1) worship of Mother Goddess (2) worship of Pashupati Nath (shiva) (3) worship of Animal and Tree worship (4) worship of water Fire and Sun (5) worship of Lings and yoni (6) Faith in magic and charms

Conclusion : Indus valley cavitations is considered one of the most developed cavitations of the World.

CHAPTER-5 The Rig Vedic Age

• INTRODUCTION : - The word “Aryan” means nobles and of good Family. The Aryan race is considered one of the oldest and most celebrated races of the world. They were very fair and tall. Physically they were strong and wellbuilt- up. According Dr. Radha kumud Mookerjee ‘The Indian History is essentially the history of the Aryans. ” • ORIGINAL HOME OF THE ARYANS : - There are different views about the original home of the Aryans. 1. Central Asian Theory-Prof. max Muller, the German Scholar 2. Sapt-sindhu Theory-A. C. Das and Dr. Sampurnanad. 3. Theory of North pole-Bal Gangadhar Tilak. 4. Tibetan Theory-Swami Dayanand Saraswati 5. The Austro-Hungarin Theory-Dr. P. Giles

CHAPTER-6 Later Vedic Age Political , Social, Economic and Religious a Life of Later Vedic Aryans

Political, Social, Economic and Religious Life of Later Vedic Aryans Political Life : (1) king and his duties (2) Govt. officials (3) Sabha and samiti (4) Judicial system (5) Mode of warfare

Social Life : (I) Social Life : (1) Family life (2) Position of women (3) Ashramas System (4) Caste System (5) Education (6) Diet, Dress and ornaments (7) Means of Entertainment

(II) Economic Life : - 1. Rearing of Animal 2. Agriculture 3. Other occupation 4. Trade 5. commerce

(III) Religious Life : (1) worship of Nature (2) Mode of worship (3) Yajna and sacrifice (4) Belief in soul (5) Principal of karma (6) No Image worship

Conclusion • Vedic Civilization and Culture is considered one of the most developed civilizations of the world.

UNIT-III CHAPTER-7 Caste System

(1) Origin and evolution of caste system : - caste is that division of human society whose basis is occupation, ability and birth According to Shri Shama Shastri – “Mutual union of people in social subject like marriage and Food is called “caste” Main caste are Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras. These castes were formed on the basis of professions which the individuals followed.

(1) Origin of the caste system : (i) On the basis of colour (ii) On the basis of Pursh Sukta (iii) On the basis of Division of Labour (iv) Divine origin (3) Different between Varnas and castes : (i) Varna system started during the Rig-Vedic Age but caste system started during later Vedic Age. (ii) Meaning of Varna – Colour of bodies (Aryans and Non Aryans. ) (iii) Meaning of caste : - birth in any special community and their fixes occupation.

• Factors Responsible for the Growth of caste system: 1. Influence of the Brahmans. 2. Migration of Groups 3. New occupation 4. Foreign invaders. 5. Jainism and Buddhism and the Principle of Ahimsa 6. Check on the Inter caste marriages. 7. The Impact of Islam 8. New Religious sects – Sikh, kabir Panthis, Lingyat sect 9. Change of customs 10. Adoption of New Religious practices.

• Growth of caste system : 1. Caste system in Vedic and later Vedic age 2. Caste system in the Age of Gautam Buddha and Mahavir swami. 3. Caste system in the Age of Mauryans, Gupta and Vardhanas. 4. Caste system in the Age of Raj puts 5. Caste system in Muslim Age 6. Caste system in modern Age

Merits of the caste system : Preservation of Hindu Religion and culture. Increase in the number of Hindu. Solved the problem of Unemployment. Promoted Economic strength and Efficiency in profession. 5. Purity of Blood. 6. High moral character. 7. Development of feeling of Brotherhood. 8. Proper functioning of society. 9. Simple education. 10. Social service. • 1. 2. 3. 4.

• Demerits of the caste system : 1. Decline of National Unity. 2. Limited Military Training 3. A Disintegrating factor. 4. Against the principle of Equality. 5. Evil of untouchability. 6. Check on the personal Development. 7. Mutual jealousy. 8. Anti Democratic 9. Check on the Association with foreigners 10. A check on the progress of Hinduism 11. Narrow outlook. 12. Against to universal Brotherhood 13. Narrow marriage circle 14. Conversion of Hindus to Islam and Christianity

The Future of caste system • After freedom in New constitution-caste system and Untouchability have been declared illegal.

CHAPTER-8 The Epics The Ramayana and Mahabharat

1. 2. 3. 4. The Epic age – 2000 to 700 BC The Epics – the Ramayana and Mahabharat The Ramayana and its Age The Ramayana and its Historical importance 5. The Mahabharat and its Age 6. The Mahabharat ad its Historical Impotence

Historical importance of the Epics. (A) Political importance 1. Expansion of the Aryans. 2. Growth of powerful and Big empires. 3. Increase in the power of the king. 4. Mantri parishad and state officials. 5. Subha and sumiti 6. Justice 7. Sources of Income 8. Mode of warfare OR military organization

(B) Social Importance 1. Family as an important institution 2. Position of women 3. Caste system 4. Ashrams system 5. Diet, Dress ornaments 6. Entertainment 7. Supremacy of the kshatriyas 8. Moral degeneration of the Nobility. (c) Religious Importance 1. Emergence and importance of New Gods. 2. Yajnas and sacrifices 3. Importance of the Brahmans in the society 4. Belief in Re-birth, karma and moksha 5. Faith in magic 6. Importance of philosophy in the Religion.

(D)Economic importance 1. Agriculture – The main occupation 2. Domestication of Animals 3. Other occupation 4. Trade and commerce 5. Growth of Big cities 6. Knowledge of Metals 7. Knowledge of Medicine

CHAPTER-9 Political Condition on eve Alexander’s Invasion

Political Condition • On the eve of Alexander’s Invasion Political Condition of Punjab was not satisfactory

Alexander was the son of Philip, king of Macedonia (Greece). He invaded India in 326 B. C.

The kingdom of Taxila The kingdom of Porus

UNIT-III CHAPTER-10 • Impact of Alexander’s Invasion on Social and cultural life

(A) Introduction : - Alexander was the son of Philip, king of Macedonia (Greece). He invaded India in 326 B. C. (B) Causes of Alexander’s Invasion : 1. Desire to conquer world. 2. Wealth of India. 3. Weak Political Condition of India. 4. Invitation by Indian Rulers for Invasion. 5. Defective mode of warfare. 6. No attention to the defense of the Boundary. 7. Desire of Geographical information.

(C) Impact of Alexander’s Invasion on Social and cultural life 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Rise of Chandragupta Maurya. Contribution in the construction of History. Change in warfare Strategy. New routes opened for Trade and Communication. Impact in the field of Art. Evolution of Gandhar School of Art. Influence of Language, Literature, Astrology and medicine 8. The Indians learnt the art of making coins from the Greeks 9. Mutual contact between Indian and Greek Culture.

Conclusion • The above facts make it clear that Alexander’s invasion was an important incident in the Indian History.

CHAPTER-11 Position of Women : Under The Harappan Age, Early Vedic Age and Later Vedic Age

Position of Women under The Harappan Age • • • Woman as the Earth Mother Goddess Dancing Girl Dress and Ornament Cosmetics Women Work Women and Child Right to freedom was permitted to women Right to education Institution of Marriage Right to property

Position Of Women Under Vedic Age Equal Status with Men Right to freedom Women education Share in Administration The institution of marriage Widow Marriage Right to property

• • • Position Of Women Under Later Vedic Age The birth of a girl a source of sorrow Female Education Institution of Marriage Inter-Caste Marriages Remarriage of Widows The System of Dowry

CHAPTER-12 Important Historical places of Punjab