United States Coast Guard Genesis of the U

United States Coast Guard

Genesis of the U. S. Coast Guard • • Cleveland Commission Charles Nagel Franklin Mac. Veagh 12 March 1914 --Passage in the Senate • Sent to the House • Intercession of President Wilson • 20 January 1915 -Passage in the House President William Howard Taft

“Act to Create the Coast Guard” • 28 January 1915 -- signed by President Wilson • Combined the USLSS & RCS • Armed Service by statute President Woodrow Wilson

Ellsworth P. Bertholf • Class of 1887 • First RCS officer to attend NWC • 1897 - Overland Expedition • 19 June 1911 -- Captain. Commandant of RCS • January 1915 – First Commandant of the Coast Guard • International Ice Patrol • Commodore during World War I • 30 June 1919 -- Retired • 11 November 1921 --Died

World War I • 6 April 1917 -- US declared war on Germany • USCG transferred to US Navy • Cutters • Districts & Personnel • Command of Air Stations & Naval Vessels President Wilson asks Congress to Declare War on Germany Coast Guardsman Drill at Ft. Trumbull, CT USCG & Navy Officers

Loss of Tampa • Convoy escort duty • 26 September 1918 • 131 dead • Largest US naval loss of the war USCGC Tampa Artist’s Depiction of Tampa’s sinking

Captains of the. Port • 15 June 1917 -- Espionage Act • 6 December 1917 -- Mont Blanc disaster • Ensure it does not happen in US • Increased munitions shipments • Captain of the Port • CAPT Godfrey L. Carden • New York harbor as largest CG command • 4 October 1918 -- Munitions fire in New Jersey Godfrey L. Carden – Joseph E. Stika – Navy Cross Carden at Work

Seneca & the Wellington Rescue • • Derelict destroyer & convoy escort 16 September 1918 -- convoy to Gibraltar Wellington torpedoed First Lieutenant Fletcher Brown and his volunteers Storm 11 Dead Navy Cross Seneca places a damage control crew aboard the torpedoed tanker Wellington

Elmer Stone & NC-4 • CG Aviator 1 • USN Navy Expedition • Competing against the British • 8 May 1919 -- NAS Rockaway • 27 May 1919 – Lisbon • Navy Cross NC-4 crewmen; Stone 2 nd from right NC-4 lands in Lisbon after trans-Atlantic flight

Fighting for Survival • • Josephus Daniels Campbell Bill Carter Glass Officers in Favor Enlisted Joint Resolution Executive Order 3160 William F. Reynolds

Prohibition • 18 th Amendment • Volstead Act • Coast Guard mission Government Agents Destroy Barrels of Liquor

Fighting the “Rum War” • Bootlegging • Insufficient budgets • Andrew W. Mellon • Appropriations • Frederick C. Billard Commandant Frederick C. Billard

“Rumrunners” Almeida Kirk and Sweeney loaded with rum Underwriter Speedboat seized by the Coast Guard

Destroyers for the Coast Guard • • Enlarging the USCG Temporary increase Destroyers unsuitable 750 -tonners, 1, 000 tonners, & “flush deckers” Destroyers Tucker (L) & Cassin (R) at the Philly Navy Yard USCGD Paulding with a seized “rum runner” Destroyer crewmen conduct gunnery practice

Patrol Craft to Combat the “Rumrunners” Experimental Armed Loening OL-5 75 foot “Six-Bitter” 38’ Cabin Picket Boat 100 -foot patrol boat Petrel

SIGINT, Elizabeth Friedman, & USCG Cryptanalysis • Signals Intelligence • Introduction of codes • Elizabeth Smith Friedman Frank L. Meals Coast Guard Radio Direction Finder Elizabeth Smith Friedman

Ensign Duke • CG-2327 • Duke climbed onto the ship • Alone for 9 hours • 3, 000 50 -gallon drums • Captured 22 men Ensign Duke climbs aboard SS Economy Ensign Charles L. Duke

Horace Alderman & I’m Alone • CG-249 and Boastwain Sanderlin • Boatswain Paul, Wolcott, & Dexter • 20 casualties per year Horace Alderman I’m Alone crewmen

End of Prohibition • Prohibition unpopular • FDR • Beer-Wine Revenue Act • 21 st Amendment • Sea change for USCG Expression of Popular Sentiment Franklin Delano Roosevelt Prohibition repealed

“Iceberg” Smith & the Marion Expedition • International Ice Patrol • Edward H. Smith • Oceanographic unit • Marion Expedition • Woods Hole Edward “Iceberg” Smith USCGC Marion

USCG in the early 1930 s • Interdicting guns & drugs • Harry G. Hamlet • Small budgets • Cost cutting • Combination with the US Navy • CNO William V. Pratt • Congressional resistance Harry G. Hamlet

Russell R. Waesche • • • Early career Headquarters Post-World War I Destroyer Forces Return to HQ Navy War Plans Division • Aide to Commandant • Deep Selection • Longest-serving Commandant Russell R. Waesche

Itasca & Amelia Earhart • • • Lae to Howland Island USCGC Itasca Radio navigation USS Lexington Speculation Amelia Earhart USCGC Itasca

USLHS Joins the USCG • Reorganization Plan No. 11 • Efficiency & Economy • Integration of 5, 200 personnel and other assets • 7 July 1939

Outbreak of World War II • 1 September 1939 -- Germany Invades Poland • 3 September -- Britain & France declare war • US Declares Its Neutrality • June 1940 - France Falls • 22 June 1940 – Espionage Act • Dangerous Cargo Act

Lend-Lease • 2 September 1940 • 11 March 1941 • End of Isolationism • Terms • April-May 1941 • Atlantic Charter USCGC Saranac became HMS Banff Roosevelt & Churchill on board HMS Prince of Wales in July 1941

• • • Greenland 9 April 1941 Coast Guard primary service USCGC Northland & Buskoe Executive Order No. 8829 Greenland Patrol Buskoe USCGC Northland

Modoc & Bismarck • Breakout into the Atlantic • 24 May 1941 - Battle of Denmark Straits - Torpedo plane attack - Bismarck’s AA fire - HMS Norfolk - HMS Prince of Wales USCGC Modoc British Swordfish attack Bismarck

World War II – U. S. Attacked • • Taney Walnut Wakefield LT Crotty Taney at Honolulu, 7 December 1941 Crotty as a cadet, 1934 Wakefield under attack at Singapore USCGC Walnut

Douglas A. Munro • 27 September 1942 - Guadalcanal • Coxswain of Higgins Boat • “Chesty” Puller • Killed by enemy fire • Only Coast Guardsman awarded the Medal of Honor

USCG in the PTO • Guadalcanal to Okinawa • Manned Navy and Army ships • USS Serpens USCG providing logistical support at Okinawa Marines express their appreciation of the Coast Guard

“Corsair Fleet” & Beach Patrol • Coast Guard Reserve & Coastal Picket Patrol • Organization of “Hooligan Navy” • Tradition & Establishment • OPERATION PASTORIOUS • SN 2 John Cullen • 25 July 1942 • Reduction SN 2 John Cullen

Battle of the Atlantic • Ocean Supply Lines • USCG role is often overlooked • U-Boats offshore • Victories, but loss of Alexander Hamilton • Convoy duty & “Bloody Winter” • Turnaround in Spring ’ 43 • Against German planes in the Mediterranean • Final Victory Alexander Hamilton sinks after being torpedoed Cutter engages a U-boat with depth charges

Greenland Patrol • Convoy Duty • Engaging UBoats • Dorchester • Escanaba • Weather stations • Externsteine Eastwind (L) and Storis in the waters off Greenland Externsteine

Amphibious Operations in the ETO • European Theatre of Operations • TORCH through ANVIL • OPERATION OVERLORD – OPERATION NEPTUNE • Assault Transports • Rescue Flotilla • Landing Craft CG-manned LCI lands troops at Omaha Beach 83 -foot cutters of the First Rescue Flotilla

Quentin R. Walsh Navy Cross • Logistics and Planning Section • Fort du Homet in Cherbourg • Convinced the Germans • Captured 300 & liberated 50 • Navy Cross LCDR Walsh with his Navy Cross

SPARS • • 23 November 1942 More than 10, 000 Dorothy Stratton “Semper Paratus – Always Ready” Dorothy Stratton SPARS undergo training

Desegregation • • Long service April 1942 December 1942 USCGC Sea Cloud • First officers • SPARs • Integration USCGC Sea Cloud Jenkins (L) & Samuels SPAR Recurits

LORAN • Long Range Navigation= LORAN • Pulse transmission • Range • March 1942 • Lawrence Harding • Practical system • Stations built throughout the world • Civilian applications LORAN Station

COTP in World War II • Navy Department • Increase and consolidation • Marine inspection • June 1942 • Missions • Coordination • Coast Guard Intelligence • Effective

USCG Helps Develop the Helicopter • • • U-boat successes Burton and Kossler Many uses Budget issues Frank A. Erickson Army & Navy Waesche’s approval Board USCGC Cobb Waesche secured funding Other applications Future role in the Coast Guard Frank A. Erickson USCGC Cobb conducts experiments

End of the War • • 2 September 1945 “Magic Carpet” duty 31 December 1945 Executive Order No. 9666 President Harry S. Truman Japanese envoy signs the articles of surrender USS Hunter Liggett served on “Magic Carpet” duty

Downsizing After World War II • Demobilization Plan • Separation Centers • Joseph F. Farley – Class of 1912 – Destroyer Force – During the War – “Uncle Joe” – Clarification of CG roles ADM Joseph F. Farley

Korean War • Korean Coast Guard • 25 June 1950 • No cutters • Important to war effort • Ocean Stations • SAR assets • Port Security • LORAN US advisors visit a class at the Korean Naval Academy Pusan LORAN station

Ocean Stations • Ocean Station program • Duty • Routines USCGC Winona arrives to relieve USCGC Winnebago PBM-5 G buzzes USCGC Vance Collecting Weather Data

Northwest Passage • • • Ambition for 400 years DEW Breaking ice Stuck in the ice Breakout & completion Map of the Arctic waters USCGC Storis in 1957 Storis, Spar, & Bramble make their way through the ice

Ice Operations • Purpose • Polar Operations • Domestic Ice Operations • International Ice Patrol • Marine Science USCGC Eastwind in the Antarctic, Deep Freeze ‘ 55 -’ 56 USCGC Northland under sail Newest Polar icebreaker, USCGC Healy

• Tonkin Gulf Resolution • CG participation needed • Squadron One • Squadron Three Vietnam War 82 -footers on transports bound for Vietnam USCG 311 -foot cutters in Vietnam-bound Coast Guardsmen begin training

Operation Market Time • Supplies from North Vietnam • Interdiction mission/Single command • Success • Logistics diverted to the • Ho Chi Minh Trail USCGC Rush provides naval gunfire support Crew from Point White pose with captured VC weapons Men from Gresham inspect suspected Vietcong junk

“Winning the Hearts and Minds” Distributing candy to Vietnamese children A BMC from Point Mast gives a gift to a Vietnamese girl USCG Warrant Officer visits a girl from the Saigon School for Blind Girls USCG junior officer with the children he taught math

Jack C. Rittichier • Coast Guard Aviator No. 997 • Exchange Program • 37 th ARRS • 3 more DFCs • 9 June 1968 • Arlington National Cemetery Distinguished Flying Cross Jack C. Rittichier LT Rittichier Returns Home

Other Missions “in Country” LORAN Tending Aids to Navigation Explosive Loading Detachment

Transition to DOT • • • Lyndon B. Johnson Executive Order No. 167 -81 177 years Administrative Move Willard J. Smith President Lyndon B. Johnson ADM Willard J. Smith

Fisheries Management • Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 • CG enforcement • Notable Cases – 1997 – 1998 Storis tied alongside the Soviet vessel Lamut HC-130 flies over a Soviet factory vessel and fishing trawler Boarding team inspects a fishing vessel in the Atlantic

Women in the USCG • End of Women’s Reserve • USCGA Co-ed • Sea Duty • Conflict with Navy USCGC Gallatin ADM Chester A. Bender Standing watch on board USCGC Morgenthau

Mariel Boatlift • 1959 - Castro in Cuba • April 1980 • Largest USCG op in peacetime • USCG Auxiliary • 125, 000 Cubans

Rescues of Note • Mirlo • Bermuda Sky Queen • LT Vukic off China • Prisendam John Allen Midgett Bermuda Sky Queen rescue LT “Big John” Vukic Prinsendam rescue in the Gulf of Alaska

Maritime Defense Zones • 7 March 1984 – Atlantic – Pacific • Declaration of War • 4 August 1986 ADM Paul A. Yost

Fighting the Drug War • 1970 s- Increased demand in US • 1980 s- Continued growth • LEDETs • Noteworthy Drug Seizures • Operation Frontier Shield Coast Guard deployed Aerostat airships as part of their interdiction efforts Record of Drug Seizures on the Hull of a CG Cutter Seized cargo of illegal drugs

Exxon Valdez and OPA 90 • 24 March 1989 • Oil Protection Act of 1990 • 1991 -- Kuwait • HU-25 A Falcon HU-25 A Falcon

Desert Shield & Desert Storm • • • 1 August 1990 LEDETs Liaison Reserves & PSUs 21 April 1991 Coast Guardsmen conduct security patrols PSU in position

Migrant Interdiction • Refugee migration – Haiti – Cuba – China • 24 November 1995 • Work continues 110’ Patrol Boat carries Cuban refugees during Operation Able Vigil 11 migrants in a 1959 Buick sedan, interdicted in February 2004 Cuban rafts interdicted in 1994 Golden Venture, loaded with 296 Chinese illegal migrants, beached on Long Island in 1993

9/11 and Operation Noble Eagle • 11 September 2001 • Activities New York • 5 November 2001 Damage to the Pentagon CG Patrol Boat on the Potomac after 9/11 USCGC Tahoma controls vessel traffic in New York harbor while the World Trade Center complex burns in the background 20 September 2001 - President George W. Bush addresses the Congress and announces the “War on Terror”

Transition to DHS • President George W. Bush • 25 November 2002 • Tom Ridge • 25 February 2003 Secretary Tom Ridge

Operation Iraqi Freedom • Missions – Port security – Secure oil terminals – Maritime Environmental Response – Navigational Survey • 1250 Coast Guard personnel • DC 3 Nathan Bruckenthal PSU 311 on patrol in the port of Umm Qasr, Iraq PSU 311 provides security with a. 50 -caliber machine gun on the Khawr al Amaya oil terminal DC 3 Nathan Bruckenthal A Coast Guardsman from PSU 313 walks the catwalk at the Mina al Bakr oil terminal.

Hurricane Katrina • 29 August 2005 – 10: 00 AM -- Landfall – 3: 05 PM -- First Rescue • USCG Response: – 62 Aircraft – 42 Cutters – 131 boats – Over 5, 000 personnel • 33, 735 Rescued

United States Coast Guard