United States Army Combined Arms Center The US

United States Army Combined Arms Center The US Army as a Military Profession Command General Staff College (CGSC) Ethics Symposium (5 -8 May, FLKS) Center for the Army Profession and Ethic (CAPE) Mission Command Center of Excellence 6 May 2014 Center for Army Profession and Ethic WWW. CAPE. ARMY. MIL This briefing is: Unclassified 1/ FOUO As of:

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The U. S. Army as a Military Profession (After a Decade plus of War, and During a Defense Reduction) for CGSC Ethics Symposium Ft. Leavenworth, KS May 2014 Don M. Snider, Ph. D An older Soldier Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession Discussion Agenda § The Army as a Military Profession § The Army’s New Doctrine of Profession § The Army’s Professional Ethic § The Current “Values to Virtues” Gap 3 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession BLUF from Snider • The Army is not a profession because it says so! Profession is not even the default character of the Army. • Captains, Majors, Sergeants, and Army Civilians cannot make the Army a military profession; but they must do their part. • Primarily the Stewards must make the Army a profession – COLs, GOs, SESs, and SGMs • Professions are quintessentially human, and therefore moral institutions of expert work; using individual moral judgments! • We have a “Values to Virtues” Gap; and, Beware: Builddowns bureaucratize!! 4 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession How can I be a Professional… if there is no Profession? (an Army Major, 1999) 5 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession What professions do… § Provide a vital service to the society which it cannot provide for itself, but must have to flourish… § Work with expert (abstract) knowledge developed into human expertise… not routine or repetitive work…takes years of study and experiential learning… § Earn and maintain the Trust of their society by the effective and ethical application of their expertise…the means of social control is the Ethic… § Are, therefore, granted relative autonomy in the application of their art and expertise. . . 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified 6

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession Army Chronology • 14 June 1775 – the American Continental Army • 4 July 1776 – Declaration of Independence • 15 November 1777 – Articles of Confederation • 17 September 1787 – The Constitution • 1880 -1904 – The U. S Army professionalized • In 2014: 239 years an Army; 122 years a military profession 7 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession Three Logics of Production § The Army is an info-age, producing organization… the human expertise of modern land combat… “the design, generation, and support of the ethical application of landpower…” § All production ideally is organized under one of three logics: § The market of free, unregulated competition where consumer choice determines services, products, and prices. § A bureaucracy of planned, supervised, controlled work focused on predictability and efficiency. § A profession of workers with specialized knowledge who organize and control their own work based on a trust relationship with their client(s). 8 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession Negotiated Jurisdictions of The Army Profession, 2014 External Internal “Deter and Assure” Forward “Sustain” CT Operations “Decisively Defeat” and “Deny” “Defend the Homeland” Develop Expert Knowledge Develop Future Professionals with Expertise Military. Technical Moral-Ethical Human/Leader Development Political. Cultural 9 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession vs. Bureaucracy § § § § Expert knowledge Accepts life-long learning New situations “Practice” by humans vs. Unlimited personal liability Invests in humans first vs. Measure – effectiveness Trust relationship w/client Granted some autonomy Develops worldview Maintain ethos, self-policed Intrinsic motivations A life-long “calling” vs. Non-expert knowledge vs. “You develop me” vs. Routine situations Work done by (all) vs. Little personal liability SOPs; soft/hard ware vs. Efficiency vs. Public market vs. Closely supervised vs. None inherent vs. Externally imposed vs. Extrinsic motivations vs. A job 10 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession A Quintessential Act of Professional Practice § Based on his/her expert knowledge. . . § A member of the profession who is facing a new situation or task… § Classifies the task (estimate/diagnosis), reasons about it (inferring from abstract knowledge applicable to the new task/situation), and then acts on it (execution/action). § Follows the action, evaluating it for effectiveness and, ultimately, adaptations to. . . § The profession’s body of expert knowledge and its jurisdiction of expert work § The “practice”… the repetitive exercise of discretionary judgment, action, and follow-up… all decisions with high moral content 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil 11 Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG u The Military Profession Why Do We Care? Professions offer two unique characteristics to the nation that bureaucratic organizations do not: — Expert Knowledge u Professions create and expert knowledge while, u Bureaucracies (and businesses) apply the knowledge that professions have developed and discarded. — Social Control u Professional ethics develops the most powerful means of controlling individual behavior in large groups that are functioning under ambiguous, chaotic and dangerous circumstances, such as war. u Bureaucratic controls, usually based on promotion and monetary rewards, have limited ability to control people in these situations. Development of Soldiers and leaders who can make the right choices, and act on them effectively, during the heat of battle are essential to a successful American Army. 12 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession To be a Steward of the profession’s knowledge as well as its ethical and effective practice… • “When we first went there, we thought we would have a conventional fight, …. We had a conventional fight, which turned quickly into an insurgency that was compounded by terrorism … We were surprised by the changing tactics that we saw. We had no idea about the irregular aspect we were about to face. We didn’t recognize this was a possibility. And when we did recognize this, it took us too long to adjust. ” • General Ray Odierno, interview with Army Times, 19 September, 2011 13 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Profession Discussion Agenda § The Army as a Military Profession § The Army’s New Doctrine of Profession § The Army’s Professional Ethic § The Current “Values to Virtues” Gap 14 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Profession Campaign (2011) § The Army Profession Campaign (2011) was a US Army effort internally initiated to look critically at itself, as directed by the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff of the Army Chief of Staff’s Guiding Questions § The Army Profession Campaign (2011) was not in reaction to any one incident or issue The time is right to ask ourselves: § The US Army has performed exceptionally well during the decade of war, meeting and exceeding its Nation’s call §Demonstrated great strengths in adaptability of young leaders and dedication to service through multiple deployments § Also struggled in some areas to maintain the highest standards of the profession § Self-reflection is what effective professions do and a natural part of the US Army’s culture – “After Action Review” 1. What does it mean for the Army to be a Profession? 2. What does it mean to be a professional? 3. After nine years of war (as of October 2010), how are we as individual professionals and as a profession meeting these aspirations? 15 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Profession 16 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Profession Current State of Trust LEVEL STATEMENT RESPONSE INDIVIDUAL/GROUP “I trust other members of this unit/org” 67% Agree “I can trust my subordinates to fully support my directive” 67% Agree “The Army allows candid opinions without fear of repercussions” 25% Agree “People can make an honest mistake without ruining their career” 40% Agree “The Army no longer demonstrates that it is committed to me as much as it expects me to be committed” 40% Agree “When an Army Senior Leader says something, you can believe it is true” 20% Disagree “Trust elected and appointed civilian officials to do what is best for the Army” 38% Disagree “Members of the Army have a great deal of respect for media” 13% Agree ORG/INSTL PUBLIC 17 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Profession Campaign Conclusions 1. No doctrine exists for the Army Profession 2. Cultural dysfunction exists; not living the Army Values 3. Significant lack of confidence in leader competence and candor, a trust issue 4. Certification systems lack rigor and credibility 5. Professional military education undervalued and underutilized 6. Too much variance in standards and basic discipline 7. Some personnel policies are outdated and don’t support career needs 18 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Profession What We Learned During the 2011 -12 Campaign 19 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Professional Certification Criteria Entry (Oath of Service) Initial Certification Entry of Army Volunteers Members remain “aspiring Aspiring Professionals” Professional until certified by the institution Re. Certification Serving Professional Moral CHARACTER requisite to being an Army Professional : The Army’s expert work creates a moral responsibility to act on behalf of a client rather than self and thus demands a moral character of sacrifice and service to one’s own and the Army’s Duty to the nation. Re. Certification Professional status earned once certified by the institution and then revalidated over time COMPETENCE in Expert Work: The Professional’s work is expert work related to the design, generation, support, and ethical application of landpower; the individual’s competence is to be certified by the Army commensurate with the level of certification granted. Boundary of Active Service Veterans of Honorable Still influential members of the Service Army Profession Army Retirees Resolute COMMITMENT to the Army Profession: By observation and evaluation it is clear that the professional has developed a personal calling requisite to an abiding commitment to effective and honorable service in the Army and to the nation. 20 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Professional Identities within the new Doctrine Military Expert Honorable Servant Steward of the Profession – Presenting Questions: • What moral content inheres in each role? • How is that best expressed –Values or moral obligations states as ethical principles? • How effective are the Army’s developmental processes? Are these your identities? 21 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Ethic Discussion Agenda § The Army as a Military Profession § The Army’s New Doctrine of Profession § The Army’s Professional Ethic § The Current “Values to Virtues” Gap 22 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Ethic The Purposes of the Army’s Ethic § Protects American society from exploitation by military’s monopoly of coercive power § Distinguishes the profession from the remainder of the society § Provides internal guidance necessary for professional status, the legitimacy of the Army profession: § Individual moral actions by members of the profession § Institutional behavioral norms for the Army Profession, internally and externally § Basis for moral development of Army Professionals 23 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Ethic Influences on the Culture and Ethic Adopted from Anthony E. Hartle, Moral Issues in Military Decision Making (1989) 24 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Ethic The Framework of the Army Ethic Legal Foundations Moral Foundations (codified) Army as Profession (Values/norms for performance of collective institution) Individual as Professional (Values/norms for performance of individual professionals) Legal-Institutional The U. S. Constitution Title 5, 10, 32, U. S. Code Treaties of which U. S. is party Status of Forces Agreements Law of Land Warfare Legal-Individual Oath of: Enlistment Commission Service U. S. Code – Standards of Exemplary Conduct Uniform Code of Military Justice Rules of Engagement Soldier’s Rules Moral-Institutional The U. S. Declaration of Independence Just War Tradition Army Culture – “Can-do” Trust Relationships of the Profession Moral-Individual Universal Norms: Accepted Human Rights Golden Rule of Interpersonal Behavior Creed & Mottos: Duty, Honor, Country NCO Creed, Civilian Creed 7 Army Values Soldiers Creed, Warrior Ethos 25 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Ethic The Framework of the Army Ethic Legal Foundations Moral Foundations (codified) Army as Profession (Values/norms for performance of collective institution) Individual as Professional (Values/norms for performance of individual professionals) Legal-Institutional The U. S. Constitution Title 5, 10, 32, U. S. Code Treaties of which U. S. is party Status of Forces Agreements Law of Land Warfare Legal-Individual Oath of: Enlistment Commission Service U. S. Code – Standards of Exemplary Conduct Uniform Code of Military Justice Rules of Engagement Soldier’s Rules Motivation of Obligation Moral-Institutional The U. S. Declaration of Independence Just War Tradition Army Culture – “Can-do” Trust Relationships of the Profession Moral-Individual Universal Norms: Accepted Human Rights Golden Rule of Interpersonal Behavior Creed & Mottos: Duty, Honor, Country NCO Creed, Civilian Creed 7 Army Values Soldiers Creed, Warrior Ethos Motivation of Aspiration 26 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Values to Virtues Gap Discussion Agenda § The Army as a Military Profession § The Army’s New Doctrine of Profession § The Army’s Professional Ethic § The Current “Values to Virtues” Gap 27 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Values to Virtues Gap Contradictions Army Ethic Ideals / Army Profession Practices / Institutional Army Regulations, Policies, Procedures, Practices We Profess We Observe Army Values Law, Regs, Policy, SOP Uphold the Army Ethic Bystander: look the other way Transformational Leadership Transactional Leadership Character, Competence, Commitment Pragmatism Needs of the Army Careerism Professional Development "Ticket Punching and Check the Box" Innovation, Candor, Diversity Standardization, Tact, Conformity Honest Mistakes Zero-Defects Mission Appearances Priorities Expediency Assessment (Honest Reflection) Cursory AAR (Avoid Conflict) We are Citizen-Soldiers We are different from Society Army Profession => Soldier + Army Civilian Focus => Active Duty 28 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Values to Virtues Gap Discretionary Judgments under Mission Command: Stages of Moral Processing Moral Development: • Individual Transformation is Required • Capability, Ownership, & Confidence/Courage • Moral Capacity can be Developed • Leaders can Lead such Transformations MORAL RECOGNITION MORAL JUDGMENT MORAL INTENTIONS MORAL ACTION James Rest (1986) Sequential Process 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil 29 cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Struggle of Moral Motivations MORAL COURAGE HONESTY MORAL ACTION “THE RIGHT THING TO DO” MORAL COWARDICE PRIDE SELFLESSNESS EGO ALTRUISM GREED HUMILITY DECEIT MORAL DECISION MORAL BEHAVIOR WEAKER Visit us at usacac. army. mil CHARACTER STRONGER IMMORAL BEHAVIOR Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Values to Virtues Gap Developing Authentic Leaders 31 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Profession BLUF from Snider • The Army is not a profession because it says so! Profession is not even the default character of the Army. • Captains, Majors, Sergeants, and civilians cannot make the Army a military profession; but they must do their part. • Primarily the Stewards must make the Army a profession–COLs, GOs, SESs, and SGMs • Professions are quintessentially human, and therefore moral institutions of expert work; using individual moral judgments! • We have a “Values to Virtues Gap; ” and, Beware: Builddowns bureaucratize!! 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil 32 cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG Questions U. S. Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG Backup Slides 34 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: The Army Profession OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG ONLINE TRAINING SUPPORT PACKAGES (TSP) cape. army. mil 2010 Basic Training 7 Army Values Inculcation 2011 7 Army Values Mandatory Annual Unit Training 2012 CCFSC Company Command First Sergeant Course (CCFSC) 35 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: The Army OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG Instructional Products cape. army. mil Profession Virtual Simulators AP Pamphlet & Other Written Materials Digital Applications Trust & Respect Brochure Video and Written Case Studies 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil 36 Videos cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession The Civil-Military Bargain • Who controls the military instrument? • What level of influence by the military is acceptable in a liberal society? • What is the appropriate role of the military? • What pattern of civil-military relations best ensures the effectiveness of the military instrument? • Who serves? Mackubin T. Owens, US Civil-Military Relations After 9/11: Renegotiating the Civil. Military Bargain (2011) 37 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession The Players: US Civil. Military Relations The State 38 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Army Profession The 6 Critical Issues § Civilian Leaders - Military Leaders (A) § Civilian control at the nexus; “bright lines” or overlap § Policy/Strategy – Asia/Pacific vs. Afghanistan…Iran § Debt, Defense Reductions and Do. D budget priorities FY 13 -18 § Do. D/Army as Bill Payer; VA, personnel & military health care; modifications to retirements § Army Profession - American Society (B) § Social norms as military values: gay marriage, women in combat, religious expression § Health: suicides, wounded warriors, PTS/TBI; sexual assault § Army Leaders – Jr Officers/Soldiers/Civilians (D) § Army Ethic Eroded… Espoused values vs. Values-in-use, seen in standards, certifications, covenant with Soldiers/families § Can the “Stewards” of the Profession deliver Army 2020 as profession? 39 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Military Profession “Democracy and powerful, professional military organizations do not rest easily with each other. ” Professor Richard Betts, Columbia University, 2007; author of Soldiers, Statesmen, and Cold War Crisis; The Irony of Vietnam; and, American Force 40 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG ADP 1 The Army ADP 6 -0 Mission Command TRUST: The Army’s Internal Organizing Principle ADRP 1 The Army Profession ADP 6 -22 Army Leadership OUTCOME Ethical Application of Landpower TRUST – THE BEDROCK OF OUR PROFESSION ADP 3 -0 Unified Land Operation The Army Profession develops leaders who exercise Mission Command while conducting unified land operations in service of the nation. 41 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified

AMERICA’S ARMY: OUR PROFESSION – STAND STRONG The Values to Virtues Gap Human Developmental Domains Competence § Intellectual § Military § Physical Character § Ethical § Spiritual § Social Mind Body Army Professional Character • Ethical • Spiritual • Social 42 9/5/2021 Visit us at usacac. army. mil cape. army. mil Unclassified