United Kingdom uses British East India Company to

• United Kingdom uses British East India Company to control India's government & military • UK -Attitude superiority

British East India Company Agents

Sepoys, 1850 s • Hired Indian soldiers • Rebel against UK: B/c rumor bullets are greased with cow & pig fat (Cows- sacred to Hindis/Pigs- taboo for Muslims) • Those who refuse to load rifles- arrested • Sepoys rebel killing 50 European men women and children

The Sepoy Mutiny: 1857 First War for Independence

Areas of the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857

Execution of Sepoys: “The Devil’s Wind”

Result: of Sepoy Rebellion • UK parliament transfer power of the British East India Co. – to English government

1877: Queen Victoria Becomes “Empress of India” India becomes formal UK colon • Largest colony 300 mil. people “jewel in the crown”

Queen Victoria in India

Benefits • Stable efficient government • New school system (only serves upper-class) 99% pop. Are peasants • Railroads, telegraph, postal service

Theosophical Library – Madras, 1913

Darjeeling Railroad, 1880 s

Costs • Local economies destroyed by British Manufacturing • British Textiles put 1, 000’s out of work (mostly women) • Tax collectors abuse peasants • Indians forced to grow cotton-not food led to FAMINE • British Rule is degrading – take best jobs & houses • Arrogant racist attitudes lead to nationalist movement

A Life of Leisure

Living Like a Maharajah

Simla: Little England in the mountains of India

the Indian National Congress § 1885 formed in response to British domination § swaraj “independence. ” * the goal of the movement. §Made up of English- educated upper class §Mostly Hindu

the Muslim League 1906 Formed due to rivalries between Hindus & Muslims.

Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1876 • English educated lawyer emerges as leader • Sees racial exploitation while working in South Africa • Promotes nonviolent resistance against unjust laws

Gandhi as a Young Barrister in Natal

Gandhi as a Lawyer in Johannesburg, So. Africa

Mohandas Gandhi

Independence Movement • Goal: force British to improve the lot of the poor & grant independence • Called “Mahatma” (great soul) resisting unjust laws was moral path (peaceful protests & marches) • Movement leads to an Indian cultural revival in literature, poetry, social reform & spirituality

Salt March, 1930 Making Salt

Hunger Strike

Salt March, 1930 Making Salt

Pre-Partition

Partition