Unit1 Introduction to Microprocessor Prof Swati Sharma swati

Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor Prof. Swati Sharma swati. sharma@darshan. ac. in Microprocessor & Interfacing - 2150707 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Basic concepts of Microprocessor Silicon chip which includes ALU, Register circuits & Control circuits Microprocessor Registers Control Logic ALU Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 2 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Basic concepts of Microprocessors Silicon chip which includes microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single package. Microcontroller RAM Micro Processor ROM I/O Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 3 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Basic concepts of Microprocessors Microcomputer A computer with a microprocessor as its CPU. Includes memory, I/O etc. Microcomputer RAM Keyboard Micro processor ROM Display I/O Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 4 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

What is a Microprocessor? Definition: “The Microprocessor is a Can perform Multipurpose, Can be instructed multiple tasks to perform Programmable, specific task Provides Clock Driven, Synchronization Store Intermediate Register Based Processing data Form of an Digital-Integrated Circuit Integrated circuit (IC) which accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. ” Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 5 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Basic concepts of Microprocessors § Microprocessor is a computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip that contains millions of transistors connected by wires. § A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logical operations that make use of small number-holding areas called registers. § Typical microprocessor operations include adding, subtracting, comparing two numbers and fetching numbers from one area to an another etc. Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 6 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Components of microprocessor • Brain of the computer. • Performs operations such as addition, subtraction, and logical operations such as OR, AND, XOR etc. Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) Register Array Small additional memory location, which are used to store and transfer data. Control Unit • It controls and executes the flow of data between the microprocessor, memory and peripherals. • Signal permits the CPU to receive or transmit data. Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 7 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

System bus § This network of wires or electronic pathways is known as 'Bus'. § A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system. § The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity. § Classification 1. Address Bus - Transfer Address 2. Data Bus - Transfer Data 3. Control Bus - Transfer Control Signal Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 8 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

System bus CPU Memory Input/Output Control Bus Address Bus Data Bus System Bus Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 9 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Address Bus § It is a group of wires or lines that are used to transfer the addresses of Memory or I/O devices. § Address bus is unidirectional. § The maximum address capacity is equal to two to the power of the number of lines present (2 lines). E. g. 8085 has 16 -address lines Maximum address capacity => 216 = 65536 bytes Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 10 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Data Bus § It is used to transfer data within Microprocessor and Memory/IO devices. § Data Bus is bidirectional as Microprocessor requires to send and receive data. § Each wire is used to transfer the signals corresponding to a single bit of binary data. E. g. 8085 has 8 - data lines 8085 is known as 8 bit processor Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 11 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Control Bus § Microprocessor uses control bus to process data, i. e. what to do with the selected memory location. § Some control signals are Read, Write and Opcode fetch etc. § Control Bus is bidirectional. § This is a dedicated bus, because all timing signals are generated according to control signal. Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 12 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Microprocessor systems with bus organization Microprocessor & Interfacing - 2150707 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Microprocessor systems with bus organization Input/Output Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) Register Array System Bus Memory Control Unit ROM Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 14 RAM Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Microprocessor systems with bus organization § In most simplified form a microprocessor based system consist of a Microprocessor, I/O (input/output) device and Memory. § These components are interfaced (connected) with microprocessor over a common communication path called system bus. § Microprocessor is master of the system and responsible for executing the program. Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 15 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

Microprocessor systems with bus organization § Memory is responsible for storing program as well as data. § System generally consists of two types of memories: ROM (Read only and non-volatile) and RAM (Read/write and volatile). § I/O devices are used to communicate with the environment. § Example of input device: keyboard, mouse. Example of output device: monitor, printer. Unit-1 Introduction to Microprocessor 16 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology