Unit VII The Cold War Part I Two

Unit VII The Cold War Part I Two Superpowers Face Off

What was the Cold War? § What was the Cold War? The period of tension and hostility that developed between the U. S. and the Soviet Union after World War II. It lasted almost 50 years. § How was it an ideological conflict? Conflict between capitalism and communism. § Why called a cold war? There was never direct military confrontation between the two countries.

The Early Cold War Cast Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin U. S. President Harry S Truman British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

Tensions Arise in Europe

Roots of the Cold War Different Post-war Goals in Europe U. S. Goals Soviet Union’s Goals § Encourage spread of democracy � Encourage communism in other to prevent rise of communism. § Gain access to raw materials and markets to fuel booming economy. § Rebuild Europe to promote stability and create new markets for American goods. § Reunite Germany to stabilize it and increase stability of Europe. countries as part of worldwide worker’s revolution. � Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and raw materials. � Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders and balance U. S. influence in Western Europe. � Keep Germany divided to prevent it from waging war again.

February / July 1945 Yalta and Potsdam What promises did Stalin make at Yalta Conference? § Promised to hold free elections in Poland other parts of Eastern Europe. § Promised to allow western monitoring of elections. What concessions were granted to the Soviets? § Soviets permitted to annex eastern Poland to occupy eastern part of Germany. Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference

Roots of the Cold War Key Battleground: Eastern Europe § Stalin intent on maintaining a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. Why? § Soviets controlled Eastern Europe so were in a position to enforce their will by force. § U. S. could not control events there.

Soviet Expansion Stalin reneged on Yalta and Potsdam promises. How? § Quickly installed pro-Soviet puppet governments throughout Eastern Europe. satellites § Soviet controlled “ _______” established.

Which countries were considered to be Soviet “Satellites”? Ø East Germany Ø Poland Ø Czechoslovakia Ø Hungary Ø Romania Ø Bulgaria

U. S. Response § U. S. feared this was the first step of a larger plan of global conquest. § Truman demanded Stalin honor Yalta agreements. Called for “free elections” and self-determination in Eastern Europe. § Truman adopted tough, combative policy towards Soviets.

Stalin Cracks Down § Tightened his grip on Eastern Europe and denied Western observers promised access. § Gave belligerent 1946 speech in which he declared what? Ø Capitalism and communism couldn’t peacefully coexist. Ø Predicted war with the U. S.

March, 1946 Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech �Speech was a response to Stalin’s speech. �Given in Fulton, Missouri. �Meant to warn Americans of the danger communism posed to Europe.

The “Iron Curtain” “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. ” Winston Churchill, 1946 Stalin’s response? Described Churchill’s speech as a “call to war. ” CBS report on iron curtain speech

What’s the common theme in these illustrations?

Truman’s Policy of Containment § Containment was a policy of blocking Soviet influence and trying to prevent the spread of communism. § Became the cornerstone of American foreign policy for the next 45 years.

The Truman Doctrine (1947) § 1947 speech to Congress: Truman tried to convince (scare? ) Americans into taking more active role in the world. § Said future of the “free world” in America’s hands. § Requested $400 in military economic aid for Greece and Turkey. Why? was and

The Truman Doctrine “I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. ” “Truman Doctrine” committed U. S. to policy of containment a turning point in U. S. foreign policy.

London, England 1945 Dresden, Germany 1945

1948 The “Marshall Plan” �European Recovery Plan: U. S. program of economic aid to war- torn Western Europe to prevent economic disaster and lessen communism’s appeal to voters. “Our policy is not directed against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. ” (Sec. of State George C. Marshall)

The Marshall Plan �Little support in Congress until communist coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948. �$12. 5 billion spent to rebuild Europe 1948 -1951. �Revitalized Europe’s economy. No country in Western Europe fell to communism.

Video on Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan

The Division of Germany After WWII

1948 Two German States Established �West combined French, British, and U. S. zones of occupation to create state of West Germany with democratically elected government. �Soviet zone became state of East Germany – a communist dictatorship.

1948 Berlin Blockade �Soviets imposed blockade around West Berlin in effort to drive Western powers out. �How did Truman respond? �Rejected both concessions or confrontation and organized massive airlift to fly in food and supplies to 2 million citizens of Berlin.

The Berlin Airlift �Berlin airlift lasted 324 days. 2. 5 million tons of provisions (food, clothes, coal, medicine) flown in on 227, 000 flights. Outcome? ABC News Report �In May, 1949, Stalin conceded defeat and lifted blockade.

To be free meant to be walled in…

Check Point Charlie

The most famous of these escapes was made by 19 -year-old guard Conrad Schumann on August 15, 1961, just the third day of the wall's construction

1949 NATO Established § Alliance / mutual defense pact to deter Soviet aggression. § Committed U. S. to defense of Canada and Western Europe. § First permanent / peacetime alliance for U. S. § How did Soviets respond? Est. Warsaw Pact in 1955 NATO Meeting Brussels, Belgium

Opposing Cold War Alliances Warsaw Pact NATO

NATO’s Expansion 1949 U. S. Canada U. K. France Iceland Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Italy Denmark Norway 1952 Greece Turkey 1990 East Germany 1999 Poland Hungary Czech Republic 2004 Estonia Latvia Lithuania Slovenia Slovakia Romania Bulgaria 1955 2009 West Germany Albania Croatia 1982 Spain

NATO Today: 28 total members Includes 13 former communist states All are democracies today.

NATO’s Article V “An armed attack against one or more (members) shall be considered an attack against them all”. Only ever invoked once. When?

Other Cold War Alliances

Who Started the Cold War? § Conservative historians have blamed the Soviet Union. Why? Ø Its takeover of Eastern Europe following WWII. Ø Its aggressive attempts to spread Communism. Ø Its commitment to worldwide revolution. Ø Its hostility towards capitalism.

Who Started the Cold War? § Liberals have argued what? That Soviet actions were often a defensive response to U. S. actions and were driven by fears of U. S intentions. § Most historians today emphasize that both countries were responsible.

Unit VII The Cold War Part II The Nuclear Arms Race

The Cold War Nuclear Arms Race: § A competition between two or more countries in the building up (escalation) of weapons. § A cycle of action and reaction motivated by fear.

The World’s First Atomic Bombs “Little Boy” – bomb dropped on Hiroshima. 15 kiloton bomb (the equivalent of 15, 000 tons of TNT). “Fat Man” – 20 kiloton bomb used on Nagasaki.

Soviet A-Bomb Test, 1949 �Unexpected 1949 Soviet A-bomb test shocked the West. First Soviet A-bomb �U. S. depended on monopoly of A-bomb to deter Soviet aggression. Forced U. S. to rethink strategic doctrine. First Soviet A-bomb test

The H-Bomb Decision �Truman sided with Teller over Oppenheimer and approved the development of the hydrogen bomb. �“We have to do it – make the bomb – though no one wants to use it. But… we have got to have it if only for bargaining purposes with the Russians. ” - President Truman

“Stand Aside, Junior -- I Take Over From Here”

Tsar Bomb Test A-bomb vs. H-bomb Tests Largest U. S. test 1954 Hiroshima A- bomb 15 -20 kilotons Largest Soviet test 1961 Bravo test Tzar Bomba test 15 megaton 5 o+ megaton H-bomb 1, 000 x more 4, 000 x more powerful than Hiroshima bomb

The H-Bomb Tests § First U. S. H-bomb test in Nov. 1952. § Soviets conducted their first test in Aug. 1953.

First U. S. H-bomb

First U. S. H-bomb Test (“Mike”), 1952 First U. S. H-bomb test, 1952

Nuclear Arms Race… Next Step Ø 1960 s Nuclear missiles on submarines.

Nuclear Arms Race… Next Step § 1960 s ICBMs with multiple warheads.

The Concept of Deterrence: The maintenance of military power for the purpose of discouraging an attack.

Nuclear Deterrence During the Cold War �To use nuclear weapons became unthinkable. Their primary purpose was to prevent war. �The threat of retaliation using nuclear weapons was intended to deter or discourage either side from launching a first strike. �This Cold War concept of deterrence known as MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction).

“Brinkmanship” �Eisenhower gave much authority to Sec. of State John Foster Dulles. �Staunch anti-communist (a Hawk). �Favored policy of “brinkmanship” towards the Soviets – pushing the Soviets to the brink of war before considering negotiations.

Nuclear Proliferation �Nuclear Proliferation The spread of nuclear weapons. �The “Nuclear Club” The countries with nuclear weapons: • 5 original members • 9 members today

Original Nuclear Weapons States �The United States 1945 �The Soviet Union 1949 �U. K. 1952 �France 1961 �China 1964

Additional Nuclear Weapons States Today � India 1974 /1998 � Pakistan 1998 � North Korea 2006 � Israel (Undeclared) 1967

Remaining U. S. H-Bombs • Largest remaining bomb in U. S. arsenal is B-83 Ø 1. 2 megatons. Ø 80 x more powerful than Hiroshima bomb. • Average U. S. warhead today Ø 300 kilotons Ø 24 x more powerful than Hiroshima bomb. B-83 Thermonuclear Bombs

Reagan - Gorbachev Summits �No summits with Soviet leaders during Reagan’s first term. �Four Reagan-Gorbachev summits during Reagan’s second term! American Experience Reykjavik Summit (10: 51)

Then Came Gorby! �New Soviet leadership: Mikhail Gorbachev, age 54, came to power in 1985. �Introduced political and economic reforms that changed the world.

Gorbachev’s Reforms openness �“Glasnost” (“ _______ ”). Ø Decreased government censorship Ø Political dissidents released from prison. Ø Press freedom and criticism of the government permitted. Ø Practice of religion permitted. � Democratization (Political reforms) Ø First elections with candidates not handpicked by Communist Party.

Economic Reform �“Perestroika” restructuring (Economic “ ________”) Ø Goal was to make Soviet economy more efficient and productive. Ø Ended central planning. Ø Allowed some private ownership of land small businesses. � A move away from communism, which had clearly failed!

June 12, 1987 Reagan at the Berlin Wall Reagan's Berlin Wall Speech 1: 43

Summit Success Arms Control �Signed INF Treaty, 1987. �Eliminated all intermediate- range nuclear missiles that both nations had placed in Europe. disarmament �First ______treaty signed by U. S. and USSR.

The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe 1989 -1990

December, 1988 New Soviet Policy Towards Eastern Europe �Gorbachev announced that all Soviet troops would be withdrawn from Eastern Europe. �Said each nation needed to determine its own political future. �Urged communist govern- ments in Eastern Euorpe to make necessary reforms.

Elections in Poland, 1989 �Lech Walesa led the Solidarity trade union movement in a series of strikes that crippled Poland’s Soviet-controlled government. �Gorbachev instructed Polish govt to negotiate with reformers. �Solidarity Party won free elections in June 1989. Communists ousted from power. �Lech Walesa elected President. Lech Walesa

East Germany Opens Borders �In response to mass demonstrations the Communist government announced… that it was opening the country’s borders and that East Germans were now free to leave the country! �What became irrelevant overnight as a result?

The End of the Cold War Fall of the Berlin Wall marks the symbolic end of the Cold War. Why? Because the Wall had become such a huge symbol of communist repression.

Free Elections Spread, 1989 -1990 • Demands for free elections spread throughout Eastern Europe and led to defeat of communist governments in Czechoslovakia and Hungary. • The Soviet Union held its first free elections since 1917. Hundreds of Communist Party officials defeated (March, 1989)

Collapse of the Soviet Union 1990 -1991

1990 The USSR Begins to Break Apart �The Baltic States – Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—were the first Soviet republics to declare their independence from the Soviet Union. (March, 1990).

August, 1990 Coup Against Gorbachev § Communist hardliners carried out coup against Gorbachev, placing him under house arrest. § Attempt to preserve the Soviet Union. BBC Report on Soviet Coup

August, 1990 Coup Fails. Yeltsin Emerges as Hero • Boris Yeltsin, chairman of Russian parliament, thwarted the coup by rallying Russian citizens and facing down the army. • Gorbachev weakened by the failed coup; Yeltsin emerged as powerful force for reform.

August, 1991 Russian Revolt § Soon after coup attempt, Boris Yeltsin elected as the president of Russia. § Russia then proclaimed its independence from Soviet control.

The End of the Soviet Union, 1991 • On Christmas Day 1991, Gorbachev resigned. • The Soviet Union ceased to exist, replaced by fifteen newly independent states. Collapse of the Soviet Union (7: 03)