UNIT V CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS Selection of equipment for

UNIT V CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS � � � � Selection of equipment for earth work Earth moving operations Types of earthwork equipment Tractors Motor graders Scrapers Front end waders Earth movers Equipment for foundation and pile driving. Equipment for compaction Batching and mixing and concreting Equipment for material handling and erection of structures Equipment for dredging, trenching, tunneling,

FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. USE OF EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE WITH THE ORGANIZATION. SUITABILITY FOR JOB CONDITION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CLIMATIC AND OPERATING CONDITIONS. UNIFORMITY OF TYPE. SIZE OF EQUIPMENT. USE OF STANDARD EQUIPMENT. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION. AVAILABILITY OF SPARE PARTS AND SELECTION OF MANUFACTURERS. SUITABILITY OF LOCAL LABOUR FOR OPERATION.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT. HAULING EQUIPMENT. CONVEYING EQUIPMENT. AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT. PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT. TUNNELING AND ROCK DRILLING EQUIPMENT. PUMPING AND DEWATERING EQUIPMENT.

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS CLASSIFICATION: � EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT. � EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT.

EARTH EXCAVATION EQUIPMENTS 1. 2. POWER SHOVEL. BACK HOE.

POWER SHOVEL LONG-LASTING. EXCAVATE ALL TYPES OF EARTH EXCEPT HARD ROCK. TYPES: WHEEL MOUNTED (HIGH SPEED). CRAWLER MOUNTED (LOW SPEED). BASIC PARTS: *TRACK SYSTEM *CABIN *CABLES *RACK & STICK *BOOM FOOT PIN *SADDLE BLOCK *BOOM POINT SHEAVE *BUCKET OPERATION: § CABLE CONTROLLED. APPLICATIONS: Ø CLOSE RANGE OF WORK. Ø VERY HARD MATERIALS, BIG SIZED BOULDERS. FACTORS CONTROLLING OUTPUT: *CLASS OF MATERIAL *DEPTH OF CUTTING *ANGLE OF SWING *SKILL OF OPERATOR

POWER SHOVEL

BACK HOE ALSO TERMED AS HOE, BACK SHOVEL AND PULL SHOVEL. � USED TO EXCAVATE BELOW THE SURFACE OF EQUIPMENT-IT CAVES INTO THE GROUND. BASIC PARTS: *BOOM *JACK BOOM *BOOM FOOT DRUM *BOOM SHEAVE *STICK, BUCKET *BUCKET SHEAVE OPERATION: SIMILAR TO SHOVEL EXCEPT IT MAKES OUTWARD STROKES WHILE DIGGING. APPLICATION: TRENCHES, FOOTINGS, BASEMENTS. TO TRIM THE SURFACE. �

BACK HOE

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS � � MOTOR GRADERS. CRANES.

MOTOR GRADERS THEY MAY BE EITHER TOWED OR MOTORISED. � USUALLY SELF PROPULSIVE. CONSTRUCTION: � FRONT OF THE GRADER FRAME IS SUPPORTED ON A PAIR OF FRONT WHEELS & REAR ON TANDEM WHEELS. � CURVED BLADE IS SUPPORTED ON THE CIRCLE AND BE TURNED THROUGH 360 DEGREE. � BLADE HAS REPLACEBLE EDGES. CUTTING DEPTH - 2 -4 CMS. SPEED LIGHT DUTY - 6 -10 KM/HR. HEAVY DUTY - 2 -3 KM/HR. NORMAL DUTY - 4 -6 KM/HR. USES: *GRAVEL ROAD REPAIRING *ROAD SHOULDER RESHAPING *BANK CUTTING *DITCH FILLING *BASE COURSE SPREADING *MATERIAL MIXING *SNOW, LAND CLEARANCE *FROZEN TOP SOIL, ASPHALT BREAKING �

MOTOR GRADERS

CRANES USED IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, SHIPPING, INDUSTRIES ETC. � THEY MAY BE ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, DIESEL OPERATED OR DIESEL-ELECTRIC DRIVE. CLASSIFICATION: � DERRICK CRANES. � MOBILE CRANES. � OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANES. � TRAVELLER CRANES. � TOWER CRANES. �

DERRICK CRANES PARTS: � MAST. � BOOM. � BULL WHEEL. TYPES: � GUY-DERRICK. � STIFF LEG DERRICK. OPERATION: � THE BOOM CAN REVOLVE THROUGH 360 DEGREE. � IT CAN CARRY LOADS UPTO 200 TONS. � WHEN THE LOAD IS LESS THAN 50 TONS GUY ROPES ARE REPLACED BY TRUSSED STRUCTURE. � STIFF LEG DERRICK CAN CARRY 7 -50 TONS. USES: � LOADING AND UNLOADING CARGOES AT PORTS. � TO HANDLE LOOSE MATERIALS LIKE SAND, BALLAST, COAL. � IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, INDUSTRIAL, MULTISTOREYED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. � PLANT ERRECTION.

DERRICK CRANE

MOBILE CRANE THEY ARE EITHER CRAWLER MOUNTED OR WHEEL MOUNTED. � CRAWLER MOUNTED ARE HIGHLY MANEOUVERABILE AND OPERATE ON UNMADE GROUND. � SUITABLE FOR ROUGH TERRAINS. � OPERATE IN A LIMITED AREA. � TRUCK MOUNTED CRANES HAVE HIGH MOBILITY. SPEED 70 -75 KM/HR. �

MOBILE CRANE

OVER HEAD CRANES � � USED FOR HANDLING LOADS OVER A LONG RECTANGULAR AREA. IT CONSISTS OF STRUCTURAL BRIDGE SUPPORT ON ELEVATED TRACTS AND SUPPORTING A LIFTING BLOCK. TRAVELLER CRANES � THESE HAVE THEIR CRABS MOVING ON GIRDERS SUPPORTED ON LEGS. TOWER CRANES � � � IT HAS A TRUSS STRUCTURE WELDED FROM ANGLE BARS AND CHANNELS. LADDERS ARE PROVIDED FOR EASE. THEY CAN BE ASSEMBLED AND DISMENTLED.

OVER HEAD CRANE

TOWER CRANE

EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT � � � SCRAPERS. BULL DOZERS. TRACTORS.

SCRAPERS COMPROMISE BETWEEN BEST LOADING AND BEST HAULING MACHINES. � UNIQUE FOR LONG DISTANCE HAULING � IT ITSELF DIGS, HAULS, DEPOSIT THE MATERIALS IN UNIFORM THICK LAYERS. TYPES: � CRAWLER TRACTOR PULLED. � WHEEL TRACTOR PULLED. BASIC PARTS: � BOWL, APRON, EJECTOR (TAIL GATE). CAPACITY: � HEAPED CAPACITY OF THE BOWL. OPERATION: � WHILE DIGGING CUTTING EDGE ENTERS THE GROUND BY LOWERING THE BOWL, THE FRONT APRON IS RAISED � EDGE IS RAISED, APRON IS LOWED WHILE HAULING. � WHILE DUMPING EJECTOR IS USED. �

SCRAPERS

BULL DOZERS VERSATILE EQUIPMENT- ESSENTIALLY A HEAVY STEEL BLADE MOUNTED ON THE FRONT OF TRACTOR. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON: � POSITION OF BLADES - PERPENDICULAR BLADES. - BLADES AT AN ANGLE. � � MOUNTING � CONTROL -WHEEL MOUNTED. -CRAWLER MOUNTED. -CABLE CONTROL. -HYDRAULIC CONTROL. CONSTRUCTION: CONSIST OF HEAVY BLADE WITH CONCAVE PROFILE. BLADE IS ATTACHED TO THE BODY WITH TWO ARMS, A SUPPORTING FRAME & HELD BY TWO PUSH ARMS APPLICATION: � SPREADING EARTH FILL. � CLEARING, OPENING UP PILOT ROADS. � BACK FILLING TRENCHES.

BULL DOZER

TRACTORS MULTI PURPOSE MACHINES MAINLY USED FOR PULLING AND PUSHING OTHER MACHINES FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. TYPES: 1. WHEEL TYPE 2. CRAWLER TYPE �

TRACTORS CRAWLER TYPE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. SLOW SPEED CAN HANDLE HEAVY JOBS COSTLY REQUIRES SKILL TO OPERATE STICK CONTROL FOR STEERING ONLY ON ROUGH ROADS WHEELED TYPE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. GREATER SPEED ONLY LIGHTER JOBS CHEAPER LESSER SKILL FOR OPERATION WHEEL CONTROL FOR STEERING ON ROUGH AS WELL AS GOOD ROADS

CRAWLER TRACTOR

WHEEL TRACTOR

EARTH COMPACTION EQUIPMENTS 1. 2. 3. SMOOTH – WHEEL ROLLERS SHEEP – FOOT ROLLERS PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS

SMOOTH – WHEEL ROLLERS PLAIN STEEL ROLLERS � SELF – PROPELLED (5 TO 25 TONNES) � NO DEEP COMPACTION � REAR WHEELS ARE LARGER IN DIAMETER AND THE FRONT ONES ARE WIDER � DIESEL ENGINE TYPE � COMPACTION IS BY STATIC WEIGHT OF ROLLER SUITABILITY: 1. GRANULAR SOILS 2. SAND 3. GRAVEL 4. CRUSHED STONES �

SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER

SHEEP – FOOT ROLLERS *HOLLOW STEEL DRUM WITH PROJECTED FEET MOUNTED AT 100 TO 200 MMC/C *WEIGHT 15 TONNES *SPEED 25 KM/HR *COMPACTION IS BY KNEADING ACTION *IN CONVERTIBLE ROLLERS THE FOOT PLATE CAN BE REMOVED *IN TURN FOOT ROLLERS THE INDIVIDUAL SHEEP FOOT CAN BE CHANGED SUITABILITY: CLAY, PREDOMINANTLY COHESIVE AND IMPERVIOUS SOIL

SHEEP FOOT ROLLER

PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS *CONSISTS OF A BASE PLATFORM MOUNTED BETWEEN TWO AXLES *TRACKS OF THE REAR WHEEL LIE INBETWEEN THE TRACKS OF THE FRONT WHEEL *COMPACTION IS BY CONTROLLING THE GROUND CONTACT PRESSURE *WEIGHT OR WIDTH OF THE WHEEL CAN BE SUITABLY INCREASED SUITABILITY: FINE GRAINED AND WELL GRADED SANDS

PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLER

MATERIAL HANDLING

HAULING , CONVEYING EQUIPMENTS � � � DUMP TRUCKS DUMPERS CONVEYORS

DUMP TRUCKS TYPES 1. SIDE DUMP TRUCK 2. BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS SIDE DUMP TRUCK: *DUMPING IS THROUGH THE SIDES OF THE TRUCK *SUITABLE FOR HAULING WET CLAY, SAND, GRAVEL, QUARRY ROCKS. BOTTOM DUMP TRUCKS: *DUMPING IS BY OPENING THE BOTTOM OF THE TRUCK *SUITABLE FOR FREE FLOWING MATERIALS SUCH AS SAND, GRAVEL, DRY EARTH, HARD CLAY.

SIDE DUMP TRUCK

BOTTOM DUMP TRUCK

DUMPERS *HIGH SPED PNEUMATIC WHEELED TRUCKS WITH SHORT CHASIS. *SUITABLE FOR SHORT HAULS ON ROUGH ROADS AND SPECIALLY WHERE A SHUTTLE MOVEMENT IS REQUIRED

CONVEYORS *TRANSMITTING MATERIALS OVER A STATIONARY STRUCTURE ADVANTAGES: 1. INCREASES OUTPUT 2. CONTINUITY IN OPERATION 3. TIME SAVING TYPES: 1. BELT CONVEYOR 2. SCREW CONVEYOR 3. BUCKET CONVEYOR

BELT CONVEYOR *MOST POPULAR * CONSISTS OF A BELT RUNNING OVER A PAIR OF END DRUMS SUPPORTED BY A SERIES OF ROLLERS CALLED IDLERS *MIDDLE SAG IS PROVIDED TO PREVENT THE SPILLING OF MATERIALS ADVANTAGES: � CAN HANDLE LIGHT, HEAVY, DRY, WET, SOFT, COARSE MATERIALS � HIGH SPEED � CARRIES HORIZONTALLY AND INCLINED � LIGHTER IN WEIGHT � CONTROLLED DISCHARG

BELT CONVEYOR

SCREW CONVEYOR *USED FOR HANDLING GRANULAR OR PULVARISED MATERIALS *LOW COST *CONSISTS OF A HELIX MOUNTED ON A BEARING AT THE ENDS AND AT INTERMEDIATE POINTS *LENGTH IS 65 M WITH AN INCLINATION UPTO 35 DEGREES

SCREW CONVEYOR

BUCKET CONVEYORS *MATERIAL IS TRANSFERRED THROUGH A SERIES OF BUCKETS *LENGTH IS LIMITED TO 25 M *WEIGHT DEPENDS UPON THE STRENGTH OF CHAINS *MAINLY USED FOR HANDLING COAL

BATCHING MIXING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

BATCHERS *PROPORTIONATING THE INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE FOR A PARTICULAR MIX *WEIGH BATCHING IS COMMONLY USED TYPES: 1. MANUAL BATCHING 2. SEMI - AUTOMATIC BATCHING 3. AUTOMATIC BATCHING

CONCRETE BATCHER

CONCRETE MIXERS *MIXING ALL THE INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE TO MAKE A MIX OF SPECIFIED CONSISTENCY FACTORS GOVERNING MIXING: 1. CORRECT SETTING OF MACHINE 2. PROPER CLEANING OF BLADES 3. SEQUENCE OF MATERIAL CHARGED 4. TIMELY SUPPLY OF WATER 5. DIRECTION OF IN - FLOW 6. SPEED AND TIME OF MIXING TYPES: � DRUM TYPE MIXERS - *TILTING *NON - TILTING � PAN TYPE MIXERS

CONCRETE MIXER

CONCRETE PLACERS � � � USUALLY DONE THROUGH BUCKETS CARRIED ON RAIL ROADS OR TRACKS DUMP TRUCKS AND BELT CONVEYORS ARE ALSO USED CABLE WAYS CAN BE USED OR THE HOISTING OF BUCKETS MAY BE DONE WITH THE HELP OF CRANES

CONCRETE PLACERS

CONCRETE PUMPS � � THESE ARE HEAVY DIRECT PUMPS USED IN INACCESIBLE SITES SUCH AS TUNNELS, UNDERWATER, SUBWAYS PUMPS CAN BE MOUNTED ON TRUCKS OR TRAILERS PNEUMATIC CONCRETE PLACERS � � IT CONSISTS OF A PRESSURE VESSEL OPEN AT THE TOP AND CONICAL AT THE BOTTOM COMPRESSED AIR IS USED TO PUSH THE CONCRETE THROUGH PIPELINES

PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT PILE IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER DRIVEN INTO THE GROUND FOR THE PURPOSE OF TRANSFERRING SURFACE LOADS � THEY ARE EFFECTIVE AT AN ECONOMICAL COST TYPES: 1. PILE DRIVEN RIGS - SKID MOUNTED - CRANE MOUNTED - FLOATING RIGS 2. PILE DRIVING HAMMERS �

DREDGING EQUIPMENTS

DREDGERS USED FOR EXCAVATION FROM RIVER BED, LAKE, SED FOR THE PURPOSE OF DEEPENING THEM TYPES: 1. DIPPER DREDGER 2. LADDER DREDGER 3. SUCTION DREDGER �

DREDGER

DIPPER DREDGER � � � IT IS USUALY MOUNTED ON A FLOATING PLATFORM THE BOOM CAN ROTATE THROUGH 180 DEGREES PRODUCTION RATE 50 CU M/HR BUCKET SIZE 12. 5 CU M DUMPING RANGE 30 M DEPTH 15 TO 18 M

LADDER DREDGER � � � 1. IT IS EQUIPED WITH BUCKET ELEVATOR MOUNTED ON A BARGE IT IS SUSPENDED ON A STEEL LADDER SUITABLE FOR EXCAVATING SOFT GROUND, SAND OR GRAVEL SUCTION DREDGER SIMILAR IN OPERATION EXCEPT IT CONSISTS OF A PUMP EXCAVATOR MOUNTED ON A BARGE WITH SUCTION LINE, SUPPORTED ON A LADDER.

DRAG LINE IT HAS A LIGHT CRANE BOOM AND THE BUCKET IS LOOSLY ATTACHED TO THE BOOM THROUGH CABLES BASIC PARTS: *BOOM *HOIST CABLE *DRAG CHAIN *BUCKET TYPES: 1. WHEEL MOUNTED 2. TRUCK MOUNTED 3. CRAWLER MOUNTED OPERATION: CABLE OPERATED FACTORS AFFECTING OUTPUT: *LENGTH OF BOOM *ANGLE OF SWING *DEPTH OF CUT *SIZE OF UNIT �

DRAG LINE

CALM SHELL THE BUCKET RESEMBLES TO A CALM WHICH IS LIKE SHELL – FISH BASIC PARTS *CLOSING LINE *HOIST LINE *SHEAVES *BRACKETS *SHELL *HINGE OPERATION BY MANIPULATING THE CABLES SUITABLY USES 1. FOR CRUSHED STONES, GRAVEL, COAL 2. FOR VERTICAL LIFTING OF MATERIALS 3. FOR REMOVING MATERIALS FROM COFERDAMS, SEWER MANHOALS, WELL FOUNDATIONS. �

CALM SHELL

TRENCHERS

WHEEL TRENCHERS CONSISTS OF A PAIR OF CIRCULAR RIMS CONNECTED BY U SHAPED BUCKETS OR CUTTERS � SELF PROPELLED � THE EXCAVATING DEVICE IS CONNECTED TO A MEANS OF CONVEYING WIDTH 12 M DEPTH 3 M OPERATION CABLE DRIVE USES FOR LAYING 1. WATER, GAS, OIL PIPE LINES 2. TELEPHONE CABLES 3. DRINAGE 4. SEWERS �

WHEEL TRENCHER

LADDER TYPE TRENCHERS SIMILAR TO WHEEL TRENCHER EXCEPT BUCKETS ARE PROVIDED WITH CHAIN LINKS ON LADDER TYPE FRAME OR BOOM ADVANTAGES: 1. FASTER AND CHEAPER 2. DIGS NECESSARY DEPTH 3. CONTINUOUS PROCESS �

TUNNELING NEED FOR TUNNELLING Ø FOR UNDERGROUND TRAFIC Ø CONDUIT FOR WATER Ø ACCESS TO MINES Ø CONDUIT FOR UTILITY SERVICES Ø SUBWAYS, UNDERGROUND TRAFFIC

SHAPE OF TUNNELS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. CIRCULAR ELLIPTICAL SEMICIRCULAR ARCH HORSE – SHOE SHAPED

METHODS OF TUNNEL DRIVING � � FULL FACE HEADING AND BENCH METHOD DRIFTS METHOD PILOT TUNNEL METHOD

TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. SETTING UP AND DRILLING LOADING THE HOLES WITH EXPLOSIVES AND FIRING VENTILATING AND REMOVING DUST LOADING AND HAULING THE MUCK REMOVING GROUNDWATER IF NECESSARY ERRECTION OF SUPPORTS PLACINF REINFORCEMENTS PLACING CONCRETE LINING CURRING SHUTTERING REMOVAL

MODERN TREND IN TUNNELING � � � THE MODERN TREND IS THE USE OF LASER THESE ARE ACCURATE TO POSITION AND PROVIDE CORRECT DIRECTION HELPS IN GUIDING THE MOLE IN CORRECT DIRECTION AS NOT IN CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF TUNNELING