Unit One Colonization Unit Essential Question How did

Unit One Colonization

Unit Essential Question • How did European colonization of North America play a part in the founding of the United States?

Target A: Early Colonization • Compare/ Contrast British, French, Spanish, and Dutch struggles to establish colonies and their relationships with Native populations.

Target B: English Colonies • Describe the characteristics of New England, Middle, and Southern colonies including the use of slave and indentured servant labor and the impact of key colonial figures.

Target C: French and Indian War • Examine the causes, course, and consequences of the French and Indian War.

VOCABULARY

Colonization • Extension of political and economic control over an area and the native population.

Westward Expansion • The desire of Americans to look to the western frontier and expand the country.

Cash Crops • A crop that is considered easily marketable, such as wheat or cotton as opposed to one that has to be nurtured, such as cattle.

Treaty of Paris • 1763 Treaty that officially ended the French and Indian War.

Subsistence Farming • Farming whose products are intended to provide for the basic needs of the farmer, with little surplus for marketing.

Colonial Competition • Competition between the Colonial Powers to expand the wealth and size of their empires.

Slave • A person who is owned by another as the property of a person or household.

Indentured Servant • A person who is owned by another a person to be contracted to work for a specified time, in exchange for learning a trade or passage to a colony.

Bering Land Bridge Migration of early humans to the Americas

Schaefer Mammoth fossil discovered in Kenosha, WI that had clear evidence of cut marks. Dates to 12, 590 years ago. The oldest definite date of human existence in North America.

Great American Empires AZTEC: Ruled much of the region from the 1400 s until the Spanish arrived in 1519. MAYA: Ruled from 2000 BC and continued to have a strong presence in Mesoamerica for over 3000 years until the Spanish arrived in 1519 AD. INCA: Ruled over much of the west coast of South America from the 1400 s to the time of the Spanish arrival in 1532.

AZTEC

MAYA

INCA

Cahokia Mississippian Indian Civilization which ruled from 700 to 1400. Cahokia's population at its peak was one of the greatest cities of the world. Cahokia was larger than London was in AD 1250 and its population would not be surpassed by any city in the United States until the late 18 th century.

Anasazi

Pacific Northwest

Northeast

Plains

Tocobaga Indian Homeland The Tocobaga Indians lived in small villages at the northern end of Tampa Bay from 900 to the 1500 s. .

Tocobaga Indian Decline Disease (smallpox) Attacks by displaced northern tribes Attacks by Spanish Attacks from British Troops

Assignment – Tocobaga What would your life be like today if the Tocobaga Indians still lived in the Tampa area? Would you live here today? How would the state of Florida be different? One full page – due end of class

The Age of Empires West African Empires • Europeans traded guns and metal objects for slaves

Why the Americas?

Map of Europe circa 1600

Portuguese Empire 1415 -1900

Portuguese Empire 1415 -1900 Wanted Indian Slaves Wanted Gold Wanted Ivory

Spanish Empire 1500 - 1700

Spanish Empire 1600 - 1700 Wanted Indian Slaves Wanted Gold Wanted Spices

French Empire 1600 - 1700

French Empire 1600 - 1700 Wanted to trade with Indians Wanted Fur Wanted Spices Wanted Sugar

Dutch Empire 1600 - 1700

Dutch Empire 1600 - 1700 Wanted Indian Slaves Wanted Silver Wanted Spices

British Empire 1600 - 1700

British Empire 1600 - 1700 Wanted to Displace Indians Wanted religious freedom Wanted Lumber Wanted Tobacco Wanted Sugar for their tea Wanted Spices Wanted Whale Oil Wanted Cotton

Discovery of America • Viking Discovery of Vinland by Leif Erikson @ 1000 AD

Discovery of America • Chinese Admiral Zheng He?

Discovery of America 1507 Waldesmuller Map showing “Amerigo’s Land” • Amerigo Vespucci was responsible for naming America • Vespucci made two voyages between 1499 and 1502 and possibly a third one in 1503. During his first voyage he explored the northern coast of South America to well beyond the mouth of the Amazon

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus • Experienced Sailor • Formed a plan to sail to the Indies by sailing west

Christopher Columbus • Experienced Sailor • Formed a plan to sail to the Indies by sailing west • Convinced the King and Queen of Spain to sponsor a voyage to the Indies • Christian conversions • Slaves • New land for the Spanish Empire

Christopher Columbus • Experienced Sailor • Formed a plan to sail to the Indies by sailing west • Convinced the King and Queen of Spain to sponsor a voyage to the Indies • Was given three ships and crews Santa Maria Nina Pinta

Christopher Columbus • Experienced Sailor • Formed a plan to sail to the Indies by sailing west • Convinced the King and Queen of Spain to sponsor a voyage to the Indies • Was given three ships and crews • Departed Granada August 3, 1492 • Arrived in the Bahamas October 11, 1492 • Returned to Spain on March 15, 1493

Christopher Columbus • Experienced Sailor • Formed a plan to sail to the Indies by sailing west • Convinced the King and Queen of Spain to sponsor a voyage to the Indies • Was given three ships and crews • Departed Granada August 3, 1492 • Arrived in the Bahamas October 11, 1492 • Returned to Spain on March 15, 1493 • Santa Maria ran aground on Christmas Day 1492 (too much partying? ) and was abandoned

Christopher Columbus • Experienced Sailor • Formed a plan to sail to the Indies by sailing west • Convinced the King and Queen of Spain to sponsor a voyage to the Indies • Was given three ships and crews • Departed Granada August 3, 1492 • Arrived in the Bahamas October 11, 1492 • Returned to Spain on March 15, 1493 • Santa Maria ran aground on Christmas Day 1492 (too much partying? ) and was abandoned • 39 men were left to form La Villa de La Navidad – the first documented European Settlement in North America

Christopher Columbus • Route as charted by Columbus • Kept his exact measurements a secret from the crew to ensure that only he could return to rediscover the land on later voyages.

Ponce De Leon 1513 Written records about life in Florida begin with the arrival of the Spanish explorer and adventurer Juan Ponce de León. On Easter eve, the Spanish conquistador landed near what is now St. Augustine and claimed the territory he named "La Florida" ("feast of the flowers") for Spain.

Ponce De Leon was searching for the Fountain of Youth

Hernando De Soto arrived on the west coast of Florida on May 30, 1539 with 10 ships carrying over 600 soldiers, priests, and explorers. They spent four years searching for gold and silver, exploring the Southeast , and brutally contacting native societies, including the Cherokees, Seminoles, Creeks, Appalachians, and Choctaws. De Soto died during the explorations and was buried on the banks of the Mississippi River in late June, 1542.

Hernando De Soto

Hernando De Soto Hernando County

Ferdinand Magellan devised a plan for circling the globe, and King Charles V of Spain gave it his blessing. In 1519, he set out with a fleet of five ships, which were inadequate for the journey. The fleet sailed first to Brazil and then down the coast of South America to Patagonia. There, one of the ships was wrecked. Magellan became involved in a local war in the Philippines, where he was killed in battle on April 27, 1521. In 1522 the remainder of Magellan's fleet returned to Spain completing the trek.

Hernan Cortez In 1519, Cortés set out to conquer Mexico. He became allies with some of the native peoples he encountered, but with others he used deadly force to conquer Mexico. He set his sights on taking over the Aztec empire. He marched to Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital and home to ruler Montezuma II. Cortés took Montezuma hostage and his soldiers raided the city. King Charles I of Spain appointed him the governor of New Spain in 1522.

Hernan Cortez Moctezuma was a proven military commander yet in just two years his rule and the supremacy of his Mexica people collapsed, conquered by a few hundred Spanish adventurers.

Hernan Cortez AZTEC ARMY

Hernan Cortez CORTEZ ARMY

Francisco Pizarro In 1528, Pizarro managed to procure a commission from Emperor Charles V. Pizarro was to conquer the southern territory and establish a new Spanish province there. In 1532, accompanied by his brothers, Pizarro overthrew the Inca leader Atahualpa and conquered Peru. Three years later, he founded the new capital city of Lima.

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Stories of gold and riches located to the north of Mexico had begun to circulate in the 1530 s. Vázquez de Coronado was selected by the viceroy to lead a mission to further explore these claims.

Henry Hudson made four journeys during his career to find a northeastern route to Asia. In 1609, Hudson joined the Dutch East India Company as a commander. He explored the Hudson River up as far as what later became Albany. On his final journey, Hudson reached another of his namesakes, the Hudson Bay. Traveling south for Britain, Hudson ventured into James Bay and discovered that he'd come to a dead end. A mutiny occurred and Hudson was abandoned to the elements.

John Cabot was a navigator and explorer who crossed the Atlantic in the service of King Henry VII of England, making it possible later for England to claim parts of North America. John Cabot sailed from England in May 1497. Cabot seems to have thought he had reached the northeast corner of Asia, and he rapidly prepared a second voyage to sail beyond his earlier landing point to Japan.

Jacques Cartier French explorer Jacques Cartier is known chiefly for exploring the St. Lawrence River and giving Canada its name. Cartier sailed on April 20, 1534, with two ships and 61 men, and arrived 20 days later. He explored the west coast of Newfoundland, discovered Prince Edward Island sailed through the Gulf of St. Lawrence, past Anticosti Island.

René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was a French explorer best known for leading an expedition down the Mississippi River, claiming the region for France.

Assignment: New World Explorers Create a foldable demonstrating your knowledge of the 10 ted explorers of the New World. Each explorer will be shown on a flap. You must include the following for each explorer: • • • Name of explorer Country they worked for Date of explorations Area that they explored What they were looking for

AND SO… We have the map of the Western Hemisphere divided by the European Empires.

Mercantilism

Dutch East India Company

British East India Company (aka The Company)

British East India Company

OK, let’s talk about Pirates

The Golden Age of Caribbean Piracy 1700 -1725

Edward "Blackbeard" Teach Few pirates have had the effect on commerce and pop culture that Blackbeard has. From 1716 to 1718, Blackbeard ruled the Atlantic in his massive flagship Queen Anne's Revenge, at the time one of the most powerful ships in the world. In battle, he would stick smoking wicks in his long black hair and beard, giving him the look of an angry demon: many sailors believed he really was the devil. He even went out in style, fighting to the death on November 22, 1718.

Pirate – Acting on their own a ship of Pirates attacks shipping, takes ships, steals cargo, takes hostages.

Privateer Under the protection of a Letter of Marque, attacks shipping, takes ships, steals cargo, takes hostages.

Letter of Marque Document sealed by the king which allowed a pirate to act on behalf of the Crown.

Buccaneer Privateers who targeted Spanish shipping

If you were a British Privateer attacking a Spanish ship, the Spanish considered you nothing more than a pirate.

Famous Privateers Sir Francis Drake 1540– 1596 English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era. Drake carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580. Jean Lafitte 1776– 1854 Lafitte helped General Andrew Jackson defend New Orleans against the British in 1815. Henry Morgan 1633 -1688 Morgan captured looted and burned Panama City (Then, the largest city in New Spain)

Why so many pirates?

Why so many pirates? Why were the empires growing in the Americas?

The Southern Colonies

The Southern Colonies • Jamestown, Virginia – first permanent English settlement in America John Smith, Pocahontas • Headright System – 50 acres of free land when you come to Virginia • Expansion of slavery • Indentured Servants – Voluntary slaves for a job • Economy – Tobacco, rice, indigo, • Settlement – communities few and far between • Population – mostly in Virginia

The 13 British Colonies • Virginia – Established in 1607 – Founded by The London Company at Jamestown – Purpose – Make money for The London Company investors

The 13 British Colonies • Maryland – Established in 1632 – Founded by Cecilius Calvert, 2 nd Lord of Baltimore – Purpose – Colony for Catholics

The 13 British Colonies • Carolina – Established in 1663 – Divided into North and South Carolina in 1712 – Founded by Europeans looking for farm land

The 13 British Colonies • Georgia – Established in 1732 – Founded by James Oglethorpe to shield the other colonies from New Spain and as a pllace for debtors to live in exhile.

The Middle Colonies

The Middle Colonies • New Amsterdam - (New York)Dutch settlement originally • Pennsylvania – Quaker colony • Economy – Oats, wheat, barley • Population – Major population centers of New York and Philadelphia

The 13 British Colonies • New York – Established in 1613 – Founded by the Dutch as New Netherland • Founded by Peter Stuyevsant for religious tolerance – Captured by Britain in 1664 – New Jersey separated from New York in 1702

The 13 British Colonies • Pennsylvania – Established in 1682 – Founded by the William Penn as a Quaker colony – Delaware separated from Pennsylvania in 1776

The Northern Colonies

The Northern Colonies • Pilgrims – Puritan Anglicans from England who settled in Massachusetts • Mayflower Compact – Agreement among the Pilgrims to create a set of laws and agree to live by them • Economy: fishing, shipbuilding, whaling • Establishment of school systems (Harvard University 1636) • Major population center of Boston

The 13 British Colonies • Massachusetts – Established in 1620 – Founded by the pilgrims of The Mayflower • Protestant Puritans escaping religious persecution – Rhode Island seperated from Massachusetts in 1636 • Founded by Roger Williams for religious freedom – New Hampshire separated form Massachusetts in 1679 • Founded by John Mason

The 13 British Colonies • Massachusetts – Connecticut separated from Massachusetts in 1636 • Two colonies Saybrook and New Haven merged with Connecticut in 1644 and 1665 • Founded by John Haynes and Thomas Hooker as a Puritan haven

The Puritans

John Smith Jamestown, Virginia William Pennsylvania English Business settler English Quaker

Roger Williams Rhode Island Anne Hutchinson Massachusetts English Baptist English Puritan

Changes in the Colonies The enlightenment – English movement in the 1700 s which was based on logic and reason John Locke – Philosopher who influenced the Declaration of Independence with his ideas on equality and liberty The Great Awakening – religious movement which spread through the colonies in the 1730 s and 1740 s

Changes in the Colonies Triangle Trade – the mercantilist system which made the British Empire so strong Raw materials from America to England Finished goods (metal, guns) from England to Africa Slaves from Africa to America (the Middle Passage)

The American colonies become so successful that there is a huge demand for labor.

Indentured Servant • Voluntary slave. Person who voluntarily committed themselves to become a slave for a limited time (usually 7 years) in exchange for learning a trade or passage to America.

Indentured Servant

Indentured Servant

Indentured Servant Indenture Contract can be sold

Indentured Servant Job with the highest demand: Tobacco Farm Field Hand

African Indentured Servants In 1619, a Dutch ship, the White Lion, captured 20 enslaved Africans in a battle with a Spanish ship. They landed at Jamestown, Virginia for repairs from the battle. For food and supplies, the Dutch traded the enslaved Africans to the Colonials as indentured servants.

Why Africans? Smallpox Killed off the Native population = nobody left to enslave

Why Africans? Malaria Immunity

Why Africans? Racial Differences Americanoid Race Students were taught about the 5 races of man Marked by distinct Physical differences. Malayoid Race Mongoloid Race Caucasoid Race Negroid Race

Why Africans? Religious Differences Europeans claimed the bible justified slavery Leviticus 25: 44, 45 44 'As for your male and female slaves whom you may have-- you may acquire male and female slaves from the pagan nations that are around you. 45 Then, too, it is out of the sons of the sojourners who live as aliens among you that you may gain acquisition, and out of their families who are with you, whom they will have produced in your land; they also may become your possession

Why Africans? Religious Differences

Why Africans? Religious Differences

Slaves were a result of African Tribal warfare. Winners captured the losers and sold them to Europeans for guns.

Shipping Slaves from Africa

Shipping Slaves from Africa

The Slave Codes Over decades, laws were passed in the colonies that changed the status of Africans by restricting their rights and altered their status from Indentured Servants to slaves.

The Slave Codes • Virginia 1662 – Slavery condition of the child was dependent on the condition of the mother (If Mom is a slave so is her child) • Maryland 1664 – When a free English woman marries any slave, she shall become a slave of the owner for the life of her husband • Virginia 1667 – Baptism can no longer keep someone from being a slave

The Slave Codes Virginia 1682 – All non-Christian servants imported to America are now considered to be slaves Virginia 1705 – All slaved are considered to be real estate (property) Virginia 1705 – A master is free from punishment for violence to slave

The Slave Codes South Carolina 1712 – All children of slaves are now considered to be slaves South Carolina 1712 – Whipping is an acceptable punishment Alabama 1833 – It was illegal to teach a slave to read or write

Olaudah Equiano • • African slave born in Nigeria Captured by African tribesmen at the age of 11 Participated in all aspects of the triangle trade Fought in the French & Indian War Bought/sold oranges Bought sold slaves Was treated well & poorly Wrote an autobiography which was published by abolitionists.

1754 -1763

American Empires before the French and Indian War

French and Indian War – A Global Conflict

Let’s Get Ready To Rumble

The French • French society in North America was a single unit with one governor in complete control.

The English • The English colonies were miniature countries, disunited, jealous of one another, and suspicious of the mother country. They hardly ever agreed on anything.

Indian tribes take sides (most side with France - oops) France – Ottawa, Algonquin, Huron, Potawatomie, Mississauga, Wyandot, Iroquois (Delaware, Shawnee) English – Choctaw, Iroquois (Shawnee, Delaware)

Consequences of French & Indian War • New France no longer exists

Consequences of French & Indian War • New France no longer exists • French Catholics are expelled from Acadia (Nova Scotia)

Consequences of French & Indian War • New France no longer exists • French Catholics are expelled from Acadia (Nova Scotia) • They are offered refuge in the Spanish Catholic colony growing at the mouth of the Mississippi River

Consequences of French & Indian War • New France no longer exists • French Catholics are expelled from Acadia (Nova Scotia) • They are offered refuge in the Spanish Catholic colony growing at the mouth of the Mississippi River • Descendants are today’s Cajuns

Consequences of French & Indian War • New France no longer exists • French Catholics are expelled from Acadia (Nova Scotia) • HEAVY British Debt

Consequences of French & Indian War • New France no longer exists • French Catholics are expelled from Acadia (Nova Scotia) • HEAVY British Debt • Americans are now angry with most Indians

Consequences of French & Indian War • New France no longer exists • French Catholics are expelled from Acadia (Nova Scotia) • HEAVY British Debt • Americans are now angry with most Indians • Americans are getting frustrated with England

Journal Assignment – French and Indian War How did the French and Indian War affect your character? How does the loss of New France affect your friends, relatives and neighbors? How does the fact that the majority of Native Americans sided with the French affect your opinion of Indians? You would end up eventually having many more restrictions and taxes as a result. One Full page in your journal