Unit IV Political Organization of Space Political Geography
- Slides: 49
Unit IV: Political Organization of Space
Political Geography • organization & distribution of political phenomena
Territory • effort to control land • world divided by borders – countries (or “states”)
I. States 1. independent political unit 2. w/ defined territory 3. must be recognized by others
World States • 192 recognized by UN
What happened to state size?
Issues defining states • some territories not recognized: – Taiwan – Tibet – Western Sahara
II. Nations • A cultural unit bound by sense of shared beliefs/customs
“Stateless Nations” • Nations without a country – Palestinians – Kurds – Basques
Multinational State • A state with more than one nation. The Former Yugoslavia
The Nation-State • a nation & a state (country w/ homogenous culture) • about 20 countries Exs: Iceland, Portugal, Poland, Japan
Types of Relationship s Between “states” & “nations” a. nation-state b. multi-national state (Cyprus) c. part-nation state (Arab) d. stateless nation
Spatial Characteristics of States • Smallest: City-states: • Singapore, Monaco, San Marino Microstates: Andorra, The Vatican • Largest: Russia
5 basic shapes: – Compact (Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Poland) – Prorupt (extension out; Thailand) – Elongated (Chile) – Fragmented (difficult to defend; Philippines, Indonesia) – Perforated (country that surrounds another; South Africa
B E A D C
Relative Location • size and shape matter! • absolute & relative location matter! Ex: Singapore, Switzerland • Landlocked countries usually at disadvantage – Bolivia
Boundary Types 1. Physical: mountains, rivers, lakes 2. Geometric: lines of latitude/longitude
3. Cultural: separated by language/religion – India & Pakistan
Boundary Origins 1. Antecedent: border before populated Ex: U. S. 2. Subsequent: border drawn after 2 types: • Consequent (Ireland & N. Ireland) • Superimposed (British India)
Consequent – Ireland & N. Ireland
3. Relict/relic Boundary: historical boundary
U. N. Convention of the Law of the Sea • Territorial waters: 12 NM out • Exclusive Economic Zone: Zone 200 NM (fish, mineral resources)
Types of Boundary Disputes 1. Positional: over border 2. Functional: over policies (immigration) 3. Resource (oil) 4. Territorial - irredentism
Capital Cities: • usually centralized (“core” area) Primate City: dominates economic activity • some capitals relocated: – Forward Thrust Capital (Abuja, Brazilia, Canberra, Islamabad)
Nigeria - Abuja
Nigeria - Abuja
Geopolitics Ratzel’s Organic Theory: countries are living organisms Mackinder Heartland Theory: land-based power (pivot area Europe) Spykman Rimland Theory: naval power
Forms of Government Unitary: centralized gov’t (strong capital) Federal: gov’t organized by territories
Nigeria’s Federal Government: Allows states within the state to determine whether to have Shari’a Laws
Centripetal Forces • • promote cohesion nationalism unify better transportation/communication
Centrifugal Forces • challenges to the state • ethno-nationalism • devolution (autonomous regional gov’t); regionalism • inequality
Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements Eastern Europe devolutionary forces since the fall of communism
Economic Devolutionary Movements Catalonia, Spain Barcelona is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain.
Electoral Geography Gerrymandering: redrawing of voting districts to benefit 1 political party • protects minority districts
Supranational Organizations: 3 or more states form an alliance - military (NATO) - economic (EU, NAFTA) -political (UN)
Global Scale – The United Nations
Regional Scale – The European Union
**How many points?
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