Unit I Ch 12 13 Bubonic Plague Late

Unit I Ch. 12 & 13

Bubonic Plague • Late 13 th century to the early 14 th century – Majority of the population was already undernourished when the black plague arrived • Poor harvests led to widespread famine • Social distress – Half a million people died, crime wave, social depression – Population growth slowed

Bubonic Plague (continued) • Spread by the brown rat along trade routes • Types: – Bubonic (swelling), Pneumonic (attacks lungs), Septcaemic (skin turns purple)

Consequences • Socio-Economic – Government response • Did not know what to do • Restricted trade • In 1337 France and England went to war – Hundred Years’ War • Depopulation – Affected areas of Asia and the Middle East – Worldwide killed at least 75 million – Cities hit hardest

• Religion – Population lost faith in clergy members who claimed they could cure victims – Support for different religious groups rose (flagellants) – Monasteries hit hard **led to a shortage of clergy members -precursor to the Reformation • Culture: – – Turned very morbid Death was an aspect of everyday life Literature, music and art Medicine techniques changed • Liquor applied to affected areas – Led to an increase in the consumption of alcohol

Babylonian Captivity • Background – Black death leads to mistrust of the Church – Arguments arose between the pope and the king over taxation on church lands – In the early 14 th century French king Philip IV arrested Pope Boniface VIII • The pope was released but died soon afterwards • Leads to the Papal reign of Pope Clement V • Clement V moved from Rome to Avignon – An area influenced by King Philip IV

• Many Christians objected to this, because the pope was under the control of the French king • Referred to as the “Babylonian Captivity” – 70 years the ancient Hebrews were held captive in Mesopotamian Babylon

Back to Rome • Pope Gregory XI was persuaded to return to Rome in 1376 – Hoped to correct to decline in papal prestige This led to………… THE GREAT SCHISM

The Great Schism, 1378 -1417 • Pope Urban VI (takes over after Pope Gregory XI died) planned to decrease French influence in the Church • French Cardinals argued Urban VI was not the real pope – Elect Clement VII as pope • Reigned in Avignon PROBLEM: Two popes!!! One in Rome, One in Avignon. Is one the Anti-Christ? ? ?

The Conciliar Movement • 1409, The Council of Pisa – Cardinals from both Rome and France – Deposed of both reigning popes and elected a new one • The two popes would not step down AND THEN THERE WERE THREE…. .

Council of Constance, 1414 -1418 • Deposed all three popes • Elected a Roman Cardinal as pope – Martin V THE GREAT SCHISIM IS OVER!!! BUT…. . popes would never again have the same power they once held

The Hundred Years’ War 1337 -1453 • Causes 1. Succession to the throne of France -King Edward III of England vs. Philip VI 2. Economic -lucrative wool trade between Flanders and England -merchants supported Edward, aristocracy supported Philip 3. Feudal system -Philip wanted to claim status of lord over the lands held by Edward in So. France -Edward could not accept Philip as his lord -Philip declared Edward’s lands as forfeit -Edward decided to exert his claim to be both king of England France

Early victories: England • Led by Edward II and his son, the Black Prince • Battle of Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1346), alliance with the Burgundians, Battle of Agincourt (1415)

French Victories • Joan of Arc (1412 -1431) – Given command of an army – Lifted the moral of the French army – New national spirit revitalized the French army and led to an overall French victory in 1453 – Burned at the stake c. 1431 by the English

Results of the war 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. New weaponry, new warfare Breakdown of the feudal system English expelled from French land French nationalism England’s War of the Roses (Lancaster Family vs. York Family) 6. Rise of intellectual thought -Renaissance

The Renaissance

Renaissance defined: • Used to describe a movement that sought to imitate and understand the culture of antiquity (the time period before the Middle Ages) • “rebirth” of Greek and Roman classics • Applies to art, politics, and science • Praises individual achievement

Background/ Possible causes • Emerged in central Italy in the 14 th century – No exact beginning or ending date – Florence • The Medici Family – Wealthy and influential Florentine family – Patronage allowed for the advancement of artwork

Possible causes (continued) • The Great Man argument – Leans on the belief that the Ren grew out of the intelligence great men – Fails to explain the different aspects of the Renaissance • The Black Death theory – The breakdown of trust in the Church led people to think more about life rather than the afterlife • Invention of the printing press – Gutenberg (1450 s)

Italian Renaissance vs. Northern Renaissance Italian Renaissance – attempted to merge the pagan Classical Age with the Christian Middle Ages – Emphasizes Greece and Rome – Emphasizes wealthy upper class – Religious and mythological – Portraits are formal and reserved – Base art on theory

Italian Renaissance vs. Northern Renaissance – Art is more infused with religion and religious piety (devotion) – Focuses on early Christianity in Rome and Greece – Emphasized the life of commoners and the rising middle class – Appreciation of nature – Oil paint used more = brighter colors

Sculpture: Donatello’s David • 1425 -1430 • Bronze • First free standing nude statue since before the Middle Ages • Notice Goliath’s helmet: connection to Roman gods • David’s helmet: contrast to Goliath’s • Lowered gaze = modesty and virtue (Classical characteristics)

Painting: Masaccio • Utilizes linear/scientific perspective – The Holy Trinity

Architecture • Influenced greatly by Filippo Brunellechi • Studied Roman architect: domes instead of Gothic spires • Utilized a new style called linear, or scientific perspective – Vanishing point – Allowed for three dimensional space

Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa. c. 1503 -1505 • Who is she? • Why is she smiling? • What do you notice about the landscape? • Wife of a Florentine merchant

Raphael (1483 -1520) • School of Athens, 1510 -1511 • Famous Greek philosophers gather around Plato and Aristotle • Careful attention to symmetry, motion, precision

Comparison: Gothic Art (11401550) vs. Renaissance Art • Giotto. Madonna Enthroned. 1310 • Raphael. Sistine Madonna. c. 1500 s

Michelangelo (1475 -1564) • Sistine Chapel. 15081512 & 1534 -1541 • Scenes depict the early history and the coming of Jesus – Creation, destruction, and the salvation of humanity

The Ceiling

Raphael. Sistine Madonna. Dresden, Germany

Unit II Ch. 14 & 15

The Reformation • Causes 1) The Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism -lost faith in the church’s stablity 2) John Wyclif (c. 1330 -1384) and Jan Hus (13691415) -Wyclif and the Lollards -believed many practices were not based on the Bible (Gutenberg Bible— 1456) -Hus -against the sale of indulgences -executed in 1415 as a heretic

Causes continued 3) Failure of the Church to reform -3 disorders 1) Clerical immorality 2) Clerical ignorance 3) Clerical pluralism -absenteeism 4) Humanism -Renaissance idea -led people to think outside the church -valued individual worth

Martin Luther and his 95 Thesis 1517 (*hubdate*)

Martin Luther and his 95 Thesis 1517 (*hubdate*) • Nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Castle’s Church • He was excommunicated from the Catholic church for his beliefs – Diet of Worms (1521) • Printing press – Allowed for easy distribution of his beliefs

Ulrich Zwingli • Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland • Convinced the Christian life relied on the Scriptures – Attacked the Catholic Church’s practices

John Calvin (French) • Calivinism and predestination – The idea that God selects certain people to do his work, society is weak and has no free will, and God selects who will receive salvation and those who won’t

Results • 1) ended in the division and the establishment of new Christian doctrines – Lutherans – Reformed/Calvinist/Presbyterians – Anabaptists – Anglicans 2) Catholic and Counter Reformation -clarification of Catholic doctrines (Council of Trent) -structural changes in the institution of the church

Reformation in England • Henry VIII (1509 -1547) – Originally supported the Church against Luther – English Reformation was more political than religious – Feared leaving England w/o a male heir • Requested an annulment from the pope of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in order to marry Anne Boleyn • Henry divorced Catherine, married Anne and was excommunicated

Further marriages of Henry VIII • #2: Anne Boleyn: executed in 1536; mother of Elizabeth (b. 1533) • #3: Jane Seymour: gave birth to a son, Edward, in 1537; died shortly after – Edward VI reigned from 1547 -1553; died at age 16 • #4: Anne of Cleves: German Protestant princess; 1539; divorced 1540 • #5: Katherine Howard: 1540; beheaded for treason in 1542 • #6: Katherine Parr: 1543; Henry died in 1547

Age of Exploration • Motives – 1) Europe needed a new trade route to Asia • GATEWAY – 2) Trade brought money into the treasuries of national monarchies • GOLD – 3) Religion: to spread Christianity • GOD – 4) Renaissance – 5) Technology and Learning • GLORY

Developments: The Big Five • Portugal – – First nation to secure boundaries Prince Henry the Navigator->school Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain, 1494 (Brazil) Vasco de Gama • Spain – Concluded the Reconquista 1492 – Columbus – Magellan sails around the world • England – John Cabot and Newfoundland – Sir Francis Drake sails around the world 1577 -80 – Jamestown 1607 • France – Quebec 1608 • The Netherlands – Henry Hudson explored Hudson River and laid claims to the territory

Age of Exploration continued • Mercantilism – Countries use their colonies as sources of raw materials • Consequences on Europe – Weakened feudalism, heightened nationalism, bettered economies • Consequences on the non-European World – Diseases, European emigration, development of African slavery *Columbian Exchange!

THE END!!!