Unit A Biological Diversity What is a Species

Unit A – Biological Diversity What is a Species? What does diversity mean? What are types of relationships? What is a Niche?

Outcomes: 1. 2. 4. 6. observe variation in living things, and describe examples of variation among species and within species identify examples of niches, and describe the role of variation in allowing closely related living things to survive in the same ecosystem identify the role of variation in species survival under changing environmental conditions describe examples of variation of characteristics within a species

What do we mean when we say… � Biology � Diversity � What would happen when we put it all together?

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY � Biological diversity refers to the variety of species and ecosystems on the earth. � In an ecosystem, living (biotic) things interact with non-living (abiotic) things in a shared environment. � Biotic Examples: plants, animals, insects � Abiotic Examples: rocks, water, weather, � Abiotic Factors influence which biotic organisms can live there � What are some ecosystem examples?

PRACTICE: BIOTIC OR ABIOTIC?

Let’s Think About it! � The closer to the equator you go the more diversity there is. � Why is? do you think that � This is due to warm temperatures, a large amount of sunlight per day, which in turn allows for more plants to grow and more animals to survive

EXAMINING DIVERSITY � What is a Species? � A species is a particular group of organisms that have the same structure and can reproduce with each other.

EXAMINING DIVERSITY � Do Activity A 1 � What are some patterns you notice? � There are over 1. 5 million species of animals and 350, 000 species of plants that have been identified. BUT there are more species of insects than of all the other species combined!

DIVERSITY WITHIN ECOSYSTEMS �A population is when members of a species live in a specific area and share the same resources. � Community is when populations of different species live in the same area. � Can you think of an example of a community?

DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES � Species diversity occurs within individual organisms of the same species. � Genetic Diversity refers to the variations between members of a population caused by small differences in DNA. � A really good example of this is the banded snail. Each snail, although part of the same species, has different shades of bands and different sizes of bands. � What variations can we see in the population of our class? Can we see all of the variations?

30 Second Break! � Put the terms in order from largest to smallest � Community � Ecosystem � Species � Population

SPECIES DISTRIBUTION � Plant and animal species are not distributed evenly throughout the various eco-regions of the world. � Most of the different species of plants and animals can be found in the tropical regions (closer to the equator). � As you move closer to the poles of the Earth, there is less biological diversity. � Example: Snake Species

Variation Within Species � Variation within a population, of a single species, is called variability. � Variability is important if the environment, in which the species lives, changes (suddenly or drastically). When a species has a great deal of variation, then, some of the individuals within that species will likely survive when there is change. � Examples of variability include: � Red fox (color of coat) � Antibiotic resistance (bacteria)

Banded Snails �A really good example of this is the banded snail. Each snail, although part of the same species, has different shades of bands and different sizes of bands. � What variations can we see in the population of our class? Can we see all of the variations?

Dog Breeds – Species Diversity � How many types of Dogs can you list? All dogs are under the species name Canis lupus. What else is under that?

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY UNDER THE SEA � Coral reefs reflect a great diversity of species � Like tropical rainforests, coral reefs support many different communities surviving on limited resources.

CORAL DIVERSITY

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY UNDER THE SEA � Coral polyps form the living layer of the coral reef. � These convert sunlight to fuel and provide energy for coral communities. � Where would you expect to find a coral reef?

CLASSIFYING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY � In the 1700’s a Swedish scientist named Carolus Linnaeus developed a system for naming organisms and classifying them in a meaningful way. � The two-name Latin naming system. � Why do you think he chose Latin as language and not Swedish?

CLASSIFYING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY He grouped them according to their physical structure. � This was very helpful because he brought worldwide consistency to the naming of species. � In his system, two words name each living thing: the first word is the Genus and the second word is the species. � Both words when written are always in italics and genus is always capitalized. Genus species.

FURTHER CLASSIFICATION � Modern scientists further developed this system into the 5 kingdom Classification. � The kingdom is the first division Animalia (animals) Plantae (plants) Fungi (yeasts, mold, mushrooms) Protista (mostly single-celled organisms) Monera (bacteria)

THE WHOLE NAMING SYSTEM 1) Kingdom 2 )Phylum 2 a) Subphylum 3) Class 4) Order 5) Family 6) Genus 7) Species Come up with a mnemonic device that will help you remember the order

EXAMPLE � Kingdom � Phylum � 2 a) Subphylum � Class � Order � Family � Genus � Species 1) Animalia 2) Chordata 2 a)Vertebrata 3) Mammalia 4) Carnivora 5) Canidae 6) Canis 7) Canis lupus

WHAT IS THE CANIS LUPUS? � Multimedia � https: //www. edumedia- sciences. com/en/a 661 classification-of-livingthings � https: //www. youtube. co m/watch? v=i. Fe. RFmq. FC h. Q � https: //www. youtube. co m/watch? v=F 38 Bmg. Pc Z_I

Work it Out! Discuss and record with a partner why preserving biological diversity is important to life on earth

Outcomes: 3. investigate and interpret dependencies among species that link the survival of one species to the survival of others � identify examples of symbiotic relationships and classify symbiotic relationships as mutualism, commensalism, parasitism 4. identify the role of variation in species survival under changing environmental conditions � What’s a Niche?

1. 2 INTERDEPENDENCE Each and every species depends on many other species within an environment in order to survive and prosper. An example of this is a food chain. Come up with an example of a food chain with your partner.

SYMBIOSIS � Symbiosis � is a type of interdependence which is the association between members of different species. � There are three types of symbiosis that we will look at. � Commensalism � Mutualism � Parasitism

COMMENSALISM One of the participating members benefits, but the other does not and there is no harm done to that organism. � Ex. A bird that builds its nest in a tree; the bird benefits and the tree is not affected. � Can you think of other examples? �

COMMENSALISM

COMMENSALISM �a bird using a tree to build its nest in � barnacles � Others? on a whale

MUTUALISM � Both organisms benefit. The benefit is mutual (as the root word suggests). � Ex. A lichen growing in the artic tundra is a combination of two organisms (a fungus and alga). The Alga cells provide food for themselves and the fungus, and the fungus protects the cells from dehydration. � Other examples?

MUTUALISM

MUTUALISM � lichen (algae and fungi) growing in the Arctic Tundra benefit each other � flower Clusia provides medicine to bees � Others?

PARASITISM � One organism benefits and the other is harmed. � Ex. A tapeworm attached to the intestinal wall of the human. The tapeworm absorbs nutrients, leaving little nutrients for the human to absorb. � The parasite usually doesn’t kill the host, because the host represents the parasites food supply. � Other examples?

PARASITISM

PARASITISM � Goldenrod Ball Gall Fly � A Fly lays eggs on goldenrod, then larvae uses the plant for food, which creates a growth that kills the plant

INTERSPECIES COMPETITION � This happens when two or more species need the same resource. � This type of competition helps to limit the size of the populations of the competing species.

PREDATOR-PREY �A predator prey relationship involves an animal using the other food. � The predator acts as the hunter, and the prey acts as the food in the relationship.

Think about it � Why are these relationships important? � Interdependence shows that diversity is important, for it connects species together. If one species becomes threatened, the others will also be affected.

Multimedia � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. GSUU 3 E 9 Zo. M � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=z. Sm. L 2 F 1 t 81 Q � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Qqa 0 OPbdvjw

NICHE �A niche is the role of an organism within a particular ecosystem. � This includes what an organism eats, what eats it, its habitat, nesting sites or range, and its effect on both the populations around it and its environment. � What is included in your niche? � As humans do you compete for your niche?

NICHE

RESOURCE PARTITIONING � As a class read page 19. � What does the textbook mean when it says that resource partitioning doesn’t always involve food? � Write down your own definition of resource partitioning.

WORDS TO KNOW � Write down a definition and give an examples of each of the following � herbivore � carnivore � Omnivore � Complete Homework A 2 for Quiz Question Practice