UNIT 9 Computer architecture Ies Arabuleila Dto Tecnologa

UNIT 9 Computer architecture Ies Arabuleila Dto Tecnología Computer architecture - Part 1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

Computer architecture Hardware and Software Hardware Software ◦ the physical, tangible parts of a computer ◦ keyboard, monitor, disks, wires, chips, etc. ◦ programs and data ◦ a program is a series of instructions A computer requires both hardware and software Each is essentially useless without the other Computer architecture - Part 1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 2

Computer architecture All computers have the same structure *Input / Output Devices *Memory introduce or show results Monitor Keyboard It stores the Information Central Processing Unit Main Memory *CPU Processes the data. Computer architecture - Part 1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 3

Computer architecture Digital Information The smallest data unit in computers is the Information units 1 byte (B) bit. = 8 bits e. g. (00110001) 1 kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes 1 megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB 1 terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB In some way, all information is digitized - broken down into pieces and represented as numbers Computer architecture - Part 1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 4

Computer architecture Ø Ø For example, every character is stored as a number, including spaces, digits, and punctuation. Corresponding upper and lower case letters are separate characters. For example the word hello is stored h → 10410 = 011010002 e → 10110 = 011001012 l → 10810 = 011011002 o→ 11110 = 011011112 Computer architecture - Part 1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 5

Computer architecture The inside of PC Storage units. Power supply. Expansion cards. RAM memory. Main board. q. Microprocessor. executes program commands. q. Chipset (control, input/output devices). q. BIOS It is a ROM memory, which contains the boot program. q. Connecting elements. Memory modules, expansion card, ports, drives…. Computer architecture - Part 1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 6

Microprocessor system The Central Processing Unit (CPU) A CPU is on a chip called a microprocessor It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle: Retrieve an instruction from main memory fetch execute Carry out the instruction decode Determine what the instruction is Computer architecture - Part. II D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 7

Microprocessor system The Central Processing Unit The CPU contains: Arithmetic / Logic Unit Control Unit Registers Performs calculations and makes decisions Coordinates processing steps Small storage areas Computer architecture - Part. II D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 8

Microprocessor system The Central Processing Unit The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU The speed is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz) Computer architecture - Part. II D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 9

Microprocessor system Main characteristics clock frequency. data size. number of transistors. power or energy consumed. operations per second. memory that can process. Computer architecture - Part. II D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 10

MAIN MEMORY PARTS OF THE MAIN MEMORY. RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access). Loads data The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable ROM –BIOS - Read-Only Memory (storage start program) RAM-CMOS stores information about computer configuration. Cache memory, is faster, store data and instructions for and programs immediate use Computer architecture - Part. II D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 11

Microprocessor system Input / Output Devices Monitor Keyboard Monitor screen Keyboard Mouse Joystick Bar code scanner Touch screen I/O devices facilitate user interaction Central Processing Unit Hard Disk Main Memory Floppy Disk Computer architecture - Part 1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 12

Microprocessor system System bus: Communicates, the above components. Central Processing Unit Main Memory Inpunt/Output Devices Bus Computer architecture - Part 1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 13

Microprocessor system Characteristic: Bus model Data bus: transmits information Address bus: transmits address Control bus: indicates the operation, that needs doing Central Processing Unit Main Memory Inpunt/Output Devices SYSTEM BUS Computer architecture - Part 1 D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 14

Microprocessor system The evolution of microprocessors Gordon Moore said in 1992, that the number of computers would double every two years Computer architecture - Part. II D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 15

A Computer Specification Consider the following specification for a personal computer: ◦ ◦ ◦ 2. 8 GHz Pentium 4 Processor 512 MB RAM 80 GB Hard Disk 48 x CD-RW / DVD-ROM Combo Drive 17” Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution 56 Kb/s Modem What does it all mean? Computer architecture - Part. II D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 16

Ies Arabuleila Cúllar Vega Dto Tecnología Computer architecture - Part. II D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero 12/28/2021 17