Unit 9 Anatomic Terms Copyright 2010 Delmar Cengage

Unit 9 Anatomic Terms Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anatomy • ana/tomy = study of naming body structures • Origin – Greek – anatome = cutting apart • Galen – Greek anatomist who dissected corpses to identify and name body parts using both Greek and Latin terms Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Summary of Directional Terms Used with the Body Word Combining Form Meaning dorsal dors/o near or on back ventral ventr/ near or on belly side anterior anter/o toward front or in front of posterior poster/o following or located behind cephalic cephal/o upward or toward head Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Summary of Directional Terms Used with the Body Word Combining Form Meaning caudal or caud/o caudad downward or toward tail medial medi/o toward midline lateral later/o toward side away from midline superior inferior super/o infer/o above below Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Summary of Directional Terms Used with the Body Word Combining Form Meaning proximal proxim/o distal dist/o sagittal sagitt/o near point of origin away from point of origin vertical anteroposterior direction or plane dividing into left and right coronal resembling crown or encircling coron/o Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with anter/o • anter/o/later/al = front and side • anter/o/medi/al = front and middle • anter/o/super/ior = front and top Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with poster/o • • poster/o/later/al = back and side poster/o/extern/al = back and outside poster/o/intern/al = back and inside anter/o/poster/ior = pertaining to front and back – From front to back Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with ventr/o and dors/o • ventr/o/dors/al = from front to back • dors/o/cephal/ad = toward back of head – -ad = suffix meaning toward • ventr/ad anter/ior = toward front Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Proximal • proxim/al = closer to designated point – E. g. , fracture in upper part of femur closest to hip is proximal to end of femur – E. g. , bone in part of finger (phalanx) closest to palm is proximal phalanx Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Distal • dist/al = farther from designated point – E. g. , fracture in lower part of femur away from hip is distal to end of femur – E. g. , bone in tip of finger (phalanx) farther from origin of finger is distal phalanx Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Indicating Areas and Directions • • medi/o/later/al = middle and side super/o/later/al = above and to side cephal/ad = toward head caud/ad = toward tail – Lower spine • cephal/o/caud/al = head to tail Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Planes of the Body • Dividing body into slices or planes – Method of studying anatomy and diagnosing – Used in tomography and sonography • sagitt/al = cut made at midline to divide body into equal right and left halves • mid/sagitt/al plane = plane resulting from cut Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Animation Click Here to Play Body Planes Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Axilla • Armpit • axill/ary = pertaining to region of armpit • axill/ary temperature = body temperature measured under arm – Measures 1° Fahrenheit lower than oral temperature Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Axilla • mid/axill/ary = fifth intercostal space in line with middle of armpit – Location of electrocardiography (EKG) chest electrode Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Coronal • coron/al = crown or encircling • coron/al suture line = line where bones join at crown of skull • coron/a dentis = crown of tooth • coron/ary arteries = arteries that encircle and supply heart with blood Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Umbilicus • Naval – Belly button • omphal/o = combining form – Origins: • umbilicus – Latin • omphalos – Greek Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Umbilical Conditions and Procedures • • • omphal/itis = inflammation of umbilicus omphal/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of umbilicus omphal/o/rrhea = discharge from umbilicus omphal/o/rrhexis = rupture of umbilicus omphal/o/cele and umbilic/o/cele = herniation of umbilicus • omphal/ectomy = excision of umbilicus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Signs and Symptoms • Sign – Objective, observable information about patient – E. g. , skin color changes, lab tests, measurements • Symptom – Subjective information reported by patient about feelings and experiences – E. g. , pain, nausea, tiredness Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Knowledge • gnosia and gnosis = knowledge – Greek • pro/gnos/is = foreknowledge – Predicting outcome of disease – pro- = prefix meaning before or in front of • E. g. , pro/cephal/ic = in front of head Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with dia • dia/gnos/is = knowing through – Identifying disease through signs and symptoms • dia- = prefix meaning through or throughout – dia/rrhea = watery stool flowing through – dia/scope = instrument through which skin examined Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Dialysis • dia/lysis = process of destroying waste products in blood by diffusion through membrane • Treatment for patients with kidney failure • Two types: – Peritoneal – Hemodialysis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with aer/o • aer/o = used in words to mean air • Examples: – – aer/ial = pertaining to air aer/o/phobia = abnormal fear of air aer/o/therapy = treatment with air aer/o/cele = herniation containing air Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with aer/o • Examples: – aer/o/bic = needing air (oxygen) to live • Aerobic bacteria need air to live • One type causes pneumonia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with aer/o • Examples: – an/aer/o/bic = existing without air (oxygen) • Anaerobic bacteria do not need air to live • E. g. , Tetanus bacillus – Bacteria that causes lockjaw • One type causes botulism – Serious type of food poisoning Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with bios • bios = life – Greek • Examples: – bi/o/ology = science and study of living things – bi/o/logist = one who studies living things – bi/o/genesis = formation of living things Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with bios • Examples: – bi/o/ethics = topics that deal with decisions about life and medical treatments that concern right and wrong – bi/o/chemistry = study of chemical changes in living things – bi/o/psy = excision of living tissue for examination Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with chrom/o • chrom/o = combining form for color • Origin – Greek – chroma = color Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with chrom/o • Examples: – – – chrom/o/cyte = any colored cell chrom/o/blast = embryonic pigment cell chrom/o/genesis = formation of pigment chrom/o/lysis = destruction of color in cell chrom/o/meter = instrument for measuring amount of color in substance Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Staining Cells • chrom/o/philic = attracts color and stains easily – phil = word root meaning attracted to – E. g. , some leukocytes • chrom/o/phobic = will not stain – Gram-negative bacteria will not attract color from Gram stain • a/chrom/o/philic = something that does not stain easily Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with dys- and eu • dys- = difficult, painful, abnormal, or bad • eu- = easy • Examples: – dys/enter/y = infections of small intestine – dys/men/o/rrhea = difficult or painful menstrual flow Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with dys- and eu. Digestion: dys/pepsia dys/peptic eu/pepsia eu/peptic Breathing: dys/pnea eu/penia Movement: dys/kinesi/a eu/kinesi/a Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with dys- and eu. Sense or Sensation: dys/esthesi/a eu/esthesi/a Emotional state: dys/phor/ia eu/phor/ia Labor (childbirth): dys/tocia eu/tocia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Euthanasia • eu/than/asia = easy or peaceful death • Origin – Greek – thanatos = death • Subject of many ethical medical questions Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Eugenics • eu/gen/ics = good development • Genetic engineering – Alteration of genetic material to produce desirable changes in traits Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Eugenics • Eugenic sterilization – Selective sterilization of individuals that society believes have undesirable traits – E. g. , severely mentally impaired adults • Controversial topic of bioethics Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Menstruation • Menses • Menarche – Female’s first menstrual period • Origin – Greek – men = month – arche = beginning Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Menstruation • men/o/rrhagia = excessive menstrual hemorrhage • men/o/pause = permanent cessation of menstruation • a/men/o/rrhea = absence of menstrual flow • men/o/stasis = stopping menstrual flow Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Animation Click Here to Play Ovulation Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Suffix: -stasis • -stasis = act or condition of stopping or controlling • Examples: – phleb/o/statis and ven/o/stasis = control of blood flow in veins – arteri/o/stasis = control of flow in arteries – lymph/o/stasis = control of lymph flow – hem/o/stat = instrument used to control blood flow Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Syphilis • Sexually transmitted disease • syphil/o = combining form • Examples: – syphil/o/pathy = any syphilitic disease – syphil/o/phobia = fear of contracting syphilis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Syphilis • Examples: – syphil/o/psych/osis = mental condition caused by syphilis – syphil/oma = syphilitic tumor – syphil/o/therapy = therapy for syphilis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with pseud/o • pseudo- = false • Examples: – pseud/o/science = false science – pseud/o/mania = psychosis when patients have false or pretended mental disorder – pseud/o/esthesi/a = false or imaginary sensation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with pseud/o • Examples: – pseud/o/paralysis = false paralysis • Not due to nerve damage – pseud/o/cesis and pseud/o/pregnancy = false pregnancy – pseud/o/cyst = false cyst – pseud/o/edema = false puffiness • Not due to fluid accumulation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with pseud/o • Examples: – pseud/o/hyper/trophy = false growth of organ or part due to another type of tissue – pseud/o/neur/oma = false nerve tumor – pseud/o/tubercul/osis = false tuberculosis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Viscera • • Internal organs viscus = singular form viscer/o = combining form Examples: – viscer/al = pertaining to internal organs – viscer/o/genic = development of organs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Viscera • Examples: – viscer/o/motor = producing or related to movements of viscera – viscer/ad = toward viscera – viscer/o/skeletal = pertaining to organs and skeleton – viscer/o/pariet/al = pertaining to viscera and abdominal wall Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Viscera • Examples: – – viscer/o/pleur/al = relating to pleural and thoracic viscera viscer/o/sensor/y = sensory function of organs viscer/o/ptosis = prolapse of organs viscer/algia = pain in organs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Membranes • viscer/al periton/eum = membrane that lines organs of abdominal cavity • viscer/al pleural membrane = membrane that lines lungs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with pariet/o • pariet/o = combining form for wall • Examples: – pariet/al pleura = membrane on chest cavity wall – pariet/al peritoneum = membrane on abdominal cavity wall Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ventral Cavity Membranes Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefixes of Location Prefix Meaning ecto- outer or outside endo- inner or inside meso- middle retro- backward or behind para- near Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefixes: ecto- and exo • ecto- = outside – Latin • exo- = outside – Greek • ecto/gen/ous and exo/gen/ous = something produced outside organism Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with ecto • Examples: – ecto/cyt/ic = pertaining to outside cell – ecto/plasm = protoplasm that forms outer membrane of cell – ecto/p/ic = pertaining to outside of Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ectopic Pregnancy • ecto/p/ic pregnancy = pregnancy that occurs outside of uterus – Usually occurs in fallopian tube • Can cause rupture of tube – May occur in abdominal wall Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: endo • endo- = inside • Examples: – endo/plasm = plasm inside cell • Also known as cyto/plasm – endo/crani/al = within cranium – endo/chondr/al = within cartilage Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: endo • Examples: – endo/cardi/al and endo/cardi/ac = pertaining to lining of heart – endo/col/itis = inflammation of lining of colon – endo/scope = instrument used to looks into hollow organ or cavity – endo/scopy = process of viewing organ through scope Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Types of Endoscopies • gastr/o/scopy = process of viewing stomach through scope • esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy (EGD) = viewing esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with scope Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Word-Building Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: meso • meso- = middle • Examples: – mes/enter/y = peritoneum attaching intestine to abdominal wall • Middle intestine – meso/colon = peritoneum attaching large intestine to abdominal wall – meso/dont/ic = pertaining to middle-sized teeth Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Tissue Layers • blast/o/derm = embryonic disk of cells that gives rise to three main layers of tissue • ecto/derm = forms skin and nervous system • endo/derm = inner germ layer – Forms organs inside body • meso/derm = middle germ layer between ectoderm and endoderm Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: retro • retro- = behind • Examples: – retro/colic = behind colon – retro/mammary = behind breast • Mammary glands – retro/stern/al = behind sternum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: retro • Examples: – retro/periton/eum = space behind peritoneum – retro/periton/itis = inflammation in this space – retro/vers/ion = turning backward • ante/vers/ion = turning forward – retro/flex/ion = bending backward • ante/flex/ion = bending forward Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: para • para- = near, beside, or around • Examples: – – – para/centr/al = near center or around center para/hepat/itis = near liver para/nephr/itis = near kidney para/appendic/itis = inflammation around appendix para/cyst/itis = inflammation around or near bladder para/colp/itis = inflammation of tissues around vagina Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.