Unit 8 OFFSHORE BANKING Skills focus Reading Understanding

Unit 8 OFFSHORE BANKING

Skills focus Reading • Understanding dependent clauses with passives Vocabulary focus • Synonyms • nouns from verbs • definitions • common ‘direction’ verbs in essay titles (discuss, analyse, evaluate, etc. ) Writing • paraphrasing • expanding notes into complex sentences • recognizing different essay types/structures: descriptive analytical comparison/evaluation argument • writing essay plans • writing essays

8. 1 Vocabulary 8. 2 Reading 8. 3 Extending skills 8. 4 Extending skills

8. 1 Vocabulary A Look at the website on the opposite page. 1 What is meant by offshore in banking? ‘Offshore’ refers to a centre (including banks, companies, trusts), located outside the depositor’s/user’s country of residence. The majority of the account holder’s transactions are carried out electronically.

8. 1 Vocabulary A Look at the website on the opposite page. 2 Name some offshore banking locations. Offshore banking locations include the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, the Channel Islands (Jersey and Guernsey), the Cook Islands, Cyprus, Dominica, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, the Isle of Man, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, the Seychelles, Singapore, Switzerland, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Of these, Switzerland the Cayman Islands are the most important. Many offshore banks are located in small island nations.

8. 1 Vocabulary B Look up each noun in box a in a dictionary. 1 Is it countable, uncountable or both? 2 What is its banking meaning? 3 How does it relate to offshore banking? 4 Make verbs from the nouns if possible. 5 What useful grammatical information can you find?

8. 1 Vocabulary B Look up each noun in box a in a dictionary. Word (C/U) Banking meaning Offshore aspect asset something of monetary value belonging to a person or company money earned from deposits in a bank or paid on a loan legal power or authority in a specific situation or location keeping personal/financial matters secret an offshore asset is difficult for domestic jurisdictions to access investment interest rates are not used in a generally more favourable banking context the term tax haven is associated with jurisdictions of low or no taxation under secrecy provisions in privatize offshore legislation, banks and companies operating an offshore facility maintain their clients’ privacy and anonymity C interest U jurisdiction C/U privacy U Verb Useful grammatical information usually used in the plural in a banking context uncountable, so has no plural form in this context the countable form refers to a state or a country uncountable, so has no plural form; not used with the indefinite article

8. 1 Vocabulary B Look up each noun in box a in a dictionary. Word (C/U) Banking meaning regulation government rules or controls C/U stability U tax C/U steady or unchanging position government levy on income earned Offshore aspect the absence of exchange control regulations facilitates the flow of currency for transfers and investment purposes Verb regulate the political and economic stabilize stability of an offshore jurisdiction is important to investors offshore financial centres tax either do not deduct tax or it is very low Useful grammatical information regulator (n) = the person responsible for administering regulations adj = regulatory uncountable, so has no plural form taxation (n) = the act of taxing an individual or business

8. 1 Vocabulary C Study the two lists of verbs in box b. 1 Match the verbs with similar meanings. amend contribute (to) get maintain maximize move retain (fully) achieve hold keep change obtain play a role (in) shift

8. 1 Vocabulary C Study the two lists of verbs in box b. 2 Make nouns from the verbs in column 1 if possible. Verb Noun amendment contribute (to) contribution get maintain maintenance maximize maximum move retain retention

8. 1 Vocabulary D Look at the Hadford University handout. 1 How does the writer restate each section heading in the paragraph? Cross-border capital flows – move … capital from one country to another Offshore banking regulations – the rules for nonresident banking

8. 1 Vocabulary E Look at the Hadford University handout. 2 Find synonyms for the underlined words. Use a dictionary if necessary. words and phrases synonym contribute to play a role in foreign overseas move shift capital funds obtain get amended fully achieve changed maintain keep retain hold maximize

8. 1 Vocabulary E Look at the Hadford University handout. 3 Rewrite each sentence to make paraphrases of the texts. Use: • synonyms you have found yourself • synonyms from Exercise B • the nouns you made in Exercise C • passives where possible • any other words that are necessary Example: Early in the 21 st century, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) amended the rules for non-resident banking. The regulations for offshore banking were changed by the IMF (International Monetary Fund) early this century.

8. 1 Vocabulary E Look at the Hadford University handout. 3 Rewrite each sentence to make paraphrases of the texts. Possible paraphrases: Cross-border capital flows If overheads in an offshore location are low, this can play a role in attracting overseas investment. This may encourage multinational companies to shift funds to different locations with the aim of obtaining optimal terms and the highest returns in new markets. Offshore banking regulations The regulations for offshore banking were changed by the IMF (International Monetary Fund) early this century. Offshore banks must keep an international capital adequacy ratio of 8%, the same as onshore banks. In other words, 8% of their assets must be held as shareholders’ capital.

8. 1 Vocabulary E Study the diagram on the opposite page. 1 List the boxes in the diagram under the following headings: 1 Setup procedures 2 Operating procedures Possible answers: 1 Setup procedures: appoint a registered agent have paid-up share capital of US$1 million hold US$150 k in government bonds as a reserve submit an application for a banking licence apply for company registration establish a representative office. 2 Operating procedures: retain a capital-to-asset ratio of 8 % of the assets file annual audited accounts pay annual licence fees

8. 1 Vocabulary E Study the diagram on the opposite page. 2 Write a paragraph entitled How to set up an offshore bank. Possible answers: To set up an offshore bank, first appoint a registered agent, who must register the company name and apply for a licence to operate the bank. Before applying for an offshore banking licence you must have paid-up share capital of US$1 million, and hold a reserve in government bonds of US$150, 000. You then need to establish a representative office. Once you have your licence, registration and premises you are ready to open for business. During the whole term of your operation you must pay an annual licence fee and file audited accounts annually. You must comply with the IMF rules and retain a capital-to-asset ratio of 8% of the bank’s assets.

8. 2 Reading A Look at the words in box a. 1 Match each word or phrase on the left with a noun on the right. 2 Make a sentence with each completed expression, showing its banking meaning. capital flow protection controls financial product financial disclosure procedures interest rate ceiling licensing and administration fees tax rates asset

8. 2 Reading B Look at the four essay types in the Hadford University handout on the right. 1 What should the writer do in each type? What the writer should do descriptive describe or summarize key ideas/key events/key points. Give the plain facts. Could involve writing about: a narrative description (a history of something); a process (how something happens); key ideas in a theory; main points of an article (answers the question What …? or Describe …) analytical try to analyse ( = go behind the plain facts) or explain something or give reasons for a situation; may also question accepted ideas and assumptions (answers the question Why/how …? )

8. 2 Reading B Look at the four essay types in the Hadford University handout on the right. 1 What should the writer do in each type? What the writer should do comparison compare two or more aspects/ideas/things/ people, etc. ; usually also evaluate, i. e. , say which is better/bigger, etc. argument give an opinion and support the opinion with evidence/reasons, etc. ; may also give opposing writing opinions ( = counter arguments) and show they are wrong

8. 2 Reading Descriptive Analytical B Look at the four essay types on the right. 2 Match each essay type with one of the questions (A–D) below the handout. 3 What topics should be covered in each essay question? Question Topics B What questions do offshore banks need to ask to ensure their clients do not have criminal or terrorist associations? Describe some client screening procedures they could implement. C Explain why the term tax haven could be considered misleading. • client screening: what is it? Why is it important? • how to evaluate clients: questions/procedures • how effective these may be • tax haven: what is it? • are the reasons for the term valid? • if not, why not?

8. 2 Reading B Look at the four essay types on the right. 2 Match each essay type with one of the questions (A–D) below the handout. 3 What topics should be covered in each essay question? Question Comparison A What are the advantages and disadvantages for banks of establishing offshore facilities? Topics • offshore banking: what is it? • examples of advantages for the banks • examples of disadvantages • do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? If so, why? If not, why not? Argument D ‘Offshore banks have an important role to play in the financial services industry. ’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? • financial services industry: what is it? OR offshore banks: what are they? • what role do offshore banks have in the industry? • is their role important? To whom? How important?

8. 2 Reading C Read the title of the text on the opposite page and the first sentence of each paragraph. 1 What will the text be about? The title of the text suggests that the text will look at the reasons for offshore banking, then describe it, then say where it is located. Paragraph 1 will explain the background of offshore banking. Paragraph 2 will give a definition of offshore banking. Paragraph 3 will discuss the structure of offshore banks. Paragraph 4 will compare services offered by offshore banks and onshore banks. Paragraph 5 will discuss a common misconception (that offshore banking is not legal). Paragraph 6 will discuss another common misconception (that with offshore banking you can legally avoid tax). Paragraph 7 will discuss who can set up an offshore bank.

8. 2 Reading C Read the title of the text on the opposite page and the first sentence of each paragraph. 2 Choose one of the essay questions in Exercise B. Write four research questions which will help you to find information for your essay.

8. 2 Reading D Read the text on the opposite page. 1 Find out whethere is information for your essay question in the text and make notes in your own words. You can also draw on your own knowledge. 2 Work with another person who has chosen the same essay question as you. Compare your notes.

8. 2 Reading D Read the text on the opposite page. Possible notes: A What are the advantages and disadvantages for banks of establishing offshore facilities? • offshore = banking by non-residents carried out in a foreign currency • advantages: less regulation; lower taxes; lower costs; attracts customers wanting privacy and anonymity; less exposure to unfavourable exchange rates; attracts high net-worth clients, therefore better revenue stream • disadvantages: remote location; risk of being exposed to money laundering; financing terrorism, etc. ; pressure for increased fiscal transparency; risk that countries with onshore banks revise their legislation to make offshore banking less attractive

8. 2 Reading D Read the text on the opposite page. Possible notes: B What questions do offshore banks need to ask to ensure their clients do not have criminal or terrorist associations? Describe some client screening procedures they could implement. • client screening: carrying out procedures that ensure the banks ‘know their client’ to protect themselves from undesirable clients • check client identity, financial status, source of their funds, nature of their business • obtain evidence of information given in answer to the questions

8. 2 Reading D Read the text on the opposite page. Possible notes: C Explain why the term ‘tax haven’ could be considered misleading. • tax haven: implies client pays very low or no taxes • most offshore banks do not impose taxes themselves • for the clients, interest earned could be taxable in their home jurisdiction (it is their responsibility to declare it)

8. 2 Reading D Read the text on the opposite page. Possible notes: D ‘Offshore banks have an important role to play in the financial services industry. ’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? • financial services industry = broad term including banking, insurance, and all services relating to finance • offshore banks can be viewed as providing an alternative (more favourable) option, particularly for residents in weak or controlled economies • give private citizens and companies privacy • it could be argued that given the demand for their services they have an important role in the industry in fulfilling a need not currently provided by onshore banks; more importantly, they create business opportunities for host countries

8. 2 Reading E Study the highlighted sentences in the text. 1 Underline all the subjects and their verbs. Joining word Subject Verb Object/complement offshore banks operate in low tax jurisdictions taxes have been kept low in order to encourage non-resident businesses to locate there include their identity, their financial standing, the nature of their business, and the source of their funds by offshore banks 1 where 2 questions which an offshore banking facility 3 that need to be considered can be established by any individual or group can pay the setup, licensing and administration fees

8. 2 Reading E Study the highlighted sentences in the text. 2 Which is the main subject and verb for each sentence? Main Subject Main Verb 1 offshore banks operate 2 questions include 3 an offshore banking facility can be established

8. 2 Reading F Study the table on the right. 1 Match each word or phrase with its meaning. Word/phrase 1 low tax jurisdictions Meaning the legal selling of shares not listed on the main stock exchange 2 over-the-counter trading the process whereby criminals attempt to conceal the origin and ownership of funds generated through illegal activities 3 parallel-owned banks centres or countries where the authorities impose low or no taxes 4 money laundering separate legal entities but with the same shareholders as the onshore bank

8. 2 Reading F Study the table on the right. 2 Underline the words or phrases in the text which the writer uses to give the definitions. See Vocabulary bank.

Vocabulary bank Understanding new words: using definitions You will often find new words in academic texts. Sometimes you will not be able to understand the text unless you look the word up in a dictionary, but often a technical term will be defined or explained immediately or later in the text. Look for these indicators: is or are The term ‘tax haven’ is basically about … brackets … money laundering (the process through which criminal gangs try to conceal the origins of their money). or However, the non-declaration of income, or tax evasion, on offshore income, … which … over the counter trading, which is trading in shares not listed on the main or official stock exchange.

Vocabulary bank Understanding new words: using definitions a comma or a dash (–) immediately after the word or phrase … low tax jurisdictions – centres or countries where taxes have been kept low … phrases such as that is, in other words … some are parallel-owned banks: that is, they are not subsidiaries but may share common ownership. . . Remember! When you write assignments, you may want to define words yourself. Learn to use the methods above to give variety to your written work.

F Study the table on the right. 8. 2 Reading 2 Underline the words or phrases in the text which the writer uses to give the definitions. Word/phrase Actual words giving the meaning Punctuation/vocab/structure low tax jurisdictions … – centres or countries where taxes have been kept low word/phrase followed by a dash + elided relative (which are) + noun phrase over-thecounter trading … , which is trading in shares not listed on the main or official stock exchange. word/phrase followed by comma + which is parallel-owned … , that is, they are not subsidiaries word/phrase followed by comma + banks but may share common ownership or that is +comma have interlinked businesses with a defined banking group. money laundering … (the process through which criminal gangs try to conceal the origins of their money) word/phrase followed by explanation in brackets

8. 3 Extending skills A Find the words in the box in the text in Lesson 2. 1 What part of speech is each word? 2 Think of another word which could be used in place of the word in the text. Use your dictionary if necessary. Word Part of speech Another word depositor n (C ) investor impetus n (U) reason, catalyst imposition n (U) creation restriction n (C ) control, limit disclosure n (U) transparency expansion n (U) increase

8. 3 Extending skills A Find the words in the box in the text in Lesson 2. 1 What part of speech is each word? 2 Think of another word which could be used in place of the word in the text. Use your dictionary if necessary. Word Part of speech Another word generate v (T) produce interlinked adj connected standing n (U) status perception n (U) belief

8. 3 Extending skills B Study sentences A–D on the right. 1 Identify the dependent clause. 2 Copy the table under the sentences and write the parts of each dependent clause in the table. Main clause Linking Dependent clause word Subject A Here is a list of questions which Verb have to be considered B They operate in countries where taxes have been kept low C The term ‘offshore’ refers in which all banking and are carried financial transactions out to a situation questions D However, it is clear that are now also being asked which By whom/ what by offshore banks. (by governments) by non-residents. by the tax authorities.

8. 3 Extending skills B Study sentences A–D on the right. 3 Rewrite the sentence using an active construction. Example: Here is a list of questions which offshore banks have to consider. B They operate in countries where governments have kept taxes low. C The term ‘offshore’ refers to a situation in which non-residents carry out all banking and financial transactions. D However, it is clear that the tax authorities are now asking questions.

8. 3 Extending skills C Look at the essay plans and extracts on the opposite page. 1 Match each plan with an essay question in Lesson 2. Plan A = essay question B: What questions do offshore banks need to ask to ensure their clients do not have criminal or terrorist associations? Describe some client screening procedures they could implement. . Plan B = essay question D: ‘Offshore banks have an important role to play in the financial services industry. ’ To what extent do you agree with this statement?

8. 3 Extending skills C Read the essay plans and extracts on the opposite page. 2 Which essay is each extract from? Extract 1 = plan B Extract 2 = plan A

8. 3 Extending skills C Read the essay plans and extracts on the opposite page. 3 Which part of the plan is each extract from? Extract 1 = Plan B, points 1 and 2 Extract 2 = Plan A, points 2 and 3

8. 3 Extending skills D Work with a partner. 1 Write another paragraph for one of the plans. 2 Exchange paragraphs with another pair. Can they identify where it comes from?

8. 4 Extending skills A Make complete sentences from these notes. Add words as necessary. A offshore facilities – located – foreign jurisdictions – less regulation + taxation A Offshore facilities are located in foreign jurisdictions with less regulation and taxation. B several key advantages – banks – providing offshore facilities B There are several key advantages for banks in providing offshore facilities.

8. 4 Extending skills A Make complete sentences from these notes. Add words as necessary. C offshore banking services – provided by many banks – customers wanting privacy/ anonymity/good return on investment C Offshore banking services are provided by many banks to customers wanting privacy, anonymity and a good return on their investment. D however, banks face dilemma – fiscal transparency/ maintaining client privacy D However, offshore banks face a dilemma between fiscal transparency and maintaining client financial privacy.

8. 4 Extending skills A Make complete sentences from these notes. Add words as necessary. E advantages outweigh disadvantages – provided effective controls E However, the advantages of an offshore facility outweigh the disadvantages, provided there are effective controls. F also, future risk – if favourable tax legislation introduced – onshore banks make offshore less attractive F There is also the risk that, if favourable tax legislation is introduced in the future, onshore banks will make offshore banking less attractive.

8. 4 Extending skills B The sentences in Exercise A are topic sentences for paragraphs in essay A in Lesson 2. Put them in the best order for the essay. What is the main topic for each paragraph? Topic sentences Paragraph topic C Offshore banking services are provided by many banks to customers wanting privacy, anonymity and a good return on their investment. introduction/purpose of offshore facilities A Offshore facilities are located in foreign jurisdictions with less regulation and taxation. definition of offshore facilities B There are several key advantages for banks in providing offshore facilities. advantages of offshore facilities D However, offshore banks face a dilemma between fiscal transparency and maintaining client financial privacy. disadvantages of offshore facilities F There is also the risk that, if favourable tax legislation is introduced in the future, onshore banks will make offshore banking less attractive. possible future risk to banks E However, the advantages of an offshore facility outweigh the disadvantages, provided there are effective controls. conclusion

8. 4 Extending skills C Look at the essay question on the right. 1 What kind of essay is this? This essay is largely analytical, since it requires students to think critically about possible problems with a system that is promoted as being very advantageous for investors. Richard Allen, an American resident, invested US$1 million in an offshore bank located in Taluva, a Pacific Island, in a hedge fund that was not permitted to operate onshore in the US. Within a year, as a result of a political upheaval and change of government in Taluva, the offshore bank’s licence was cancelled and the bank closed. The remote location of Taluva caused Mr Allen difficulties in tracing and establishing title to his investment. In addition, he had not realized that the administration fees were so great. The result was a substantially lower net return than advertised. What conclusions would you draw from Mr Allen’s experience?

8. 4 Extending skills C Look at the essay question on the right. 2 Do some research and make an essay plan. 3 Write the essay. Possible essay plan: • Introduction: reasons for offshore investment; aims of essay. • Definition and description of the offshore investment (i. e. , the reasons for the investment, perceptions of benefit of the investment). • Aspects of investing offshore which can cause problems for the investor – investor needs to: ▪choose the jurisdiction the bank operates from with care, as it is responsible for granting the bank’s licence ▪have confidence that the country is well organized and administered ▪assess the political and economic risk associated with an offshore banking jurisdiction

8. 4 Extending skills C Look at the essay question on the right. 2 Do some research and make an essay plan. 3 Write the essay. Possible essay plan: ▪ assess the difficulties of investing in an offshore facility in a physically remote location ▪ fully understand all fees and charges associated with the investment ▪ get independent advice on the financial soundness of an offshore investment in hedge funds • Conclusion: thorough checking is required before making the investment.

Tips for Reference 8. 1 Vocabulary部分，学生课前完成练习B、C；课堂讨论完成练习A、D、E。 8. 2 Reading部分，让学生阅读课文‘Offshore banking – why, what and where? ’，完成 练习A-F。教师课堂重点讲解常用的四种 essay types, 并讲解Vocabulary bank中 的“Understanding new words: using definitions”技能。 8. 3 Extending skills部分，学生课前完成练习A；教师课堂讲解练习B、C、D。 8. 4 Extending skills部分，教师课堂讨论练习A 、B ，并讲解Skills bank中的技能；课 后让学生完成一份essay plan制定及完成一篇essay写作。