UNIT 8 1945 1980 END OF WWII MUSOLINI

UNIT 8 1945 -1980

END OF WWII • MUSOLINI KILLED BY ITALIAN PARTISANS APRIL 27, 1945 • GERMAN FORCES IN ITALY SURRENDER APRIL 29 & HITLER COMMITS SUICIDE APRIL 30, 1945 • GERMAN FORCES THROUGHOUT EUROPE SURRENDER OVER THE NEXT WEEKS • AUG 15, 1945 EMPEROR HIROHITO SURRENDERS (AFTER A-BOMBS DROPPED AUG 6 TH & 9 TH) • CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY WAS PROCLAIMED ON 13 DECEMBER 1946 BY PRESIDENT TRUMAN. • PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE ENDED ON 10 FEBRUARY 1947 WITH THE SIGNING OF PEACE TREATIES BY THE WARTIME ALLIES WITH THE MINOR EUROPEAN AXIS POWERS (ITALY, ROMANIA, HUNGARY, BULGARIA, AND FINLAND).

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR • EVEN BEFORE WWII ENDED RELATIONSHIPS ARE STRAINED BETWEEN G. B. , U. S. , AND SOVIET UNION • STALIN PROMISED FREE ELECTIONS TO COUNTRIES LIBERATED FROM NAZIS BUT AFTER WAR OBVIOUS THIS WOULDN’T HAPPEN • BRITISH P. M. WINSTON CHURCHILL WARNED THAT SOVIET WAS CREATING “IRON CURTAIN” BETWEEN EASTERN & WESTERN EUROPE • U. S. BEGAN FOLLOWING POLICY OF CONTAINMENT TO STOP COMMUNISM SPREAD • SOVIET BLOCKADE OF BERLIN 1948 • 1949: SOVIETS ANNOUNCE THEY HAVE ATOMIC BOMB & MAO ZEDONG TAKES OVER POWER IN CHINA

COMMUNISM IN AMERICA • (HUAC) HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE BEGAN SEARCHING FOR COMMUNISTS IN ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY • EDWARD J. HART OF NEW JERSEY BECAME THE COMMITTEE'S FIRST CHAIRMAN • ALGER HISS (STATE DEPT. OFFICIAL) ACCUSED, DIED 3 DAYS LATER FROM HEART ATTACK • JULIUS & ETHEL ROSENBERG EXECUTED FOR GIVING ATOMIC SECRETS TO THE SOVIET UNION • SENATOR JOSEPH MCCARTHY CLAIMED KNOWLEDGE OF COMMUNISTS IN STATE DEPT. , ARMY, AND OTHER GOVT BRANCHES

IRON CURTAIN • 1946 & 1947 SOVIET UNION TIGHTENED HOLD ON EASTERN EUROPE (ROMANIA, HUNGARY, BULGARIA, POLAND, CZECHOSLOVAKIA & EAST GERMANY) • IN SOME CASES COMMUNISTS BACKED BY STALIN FORCED NON-COMMUNISTS WHO HAD BEEN ELECTED, OUT OF OFFICE • MARCH 1947 PRESIDENT ANNOUNCED TRUMAN DOCTRINE-ASSIST ALL DEMOCRATIC NATIONS OF THE WORLD WHO RESISTED COMMUNISM • CONGRESS AUTHORIZED $400 MILLION IN AID FOR GREECE & TURKEY

ROSENBERG TRIAL & RED SCARE • JULIUS WORKED FOR ARMY SIGNAL CORP ON RADAR • ETHEL WAS ASPIRING ACTRESS • JULIUS WAS MEMBER OF AMERICAN COMMUNIST PARTY IN EARLY 1940 S BUT EVENTUALLY DROPPED OUT • WIDELY PUBLICIZED; AMERICANS WERE HEAVILY DIVIDED ON VERDICT • SAID THAT ETHEL TYPED U. S. ATOMIC SECRETS IN HER PART TIME SECRETARY JOB AND THOSE WERE PASSED ON TO HARRY GOLD (LAB CHEMIST) WHO PASSED THEM TO SOVIET COUNSEL • ONLY TWO AMERICANS EXECUTED FOR COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES • STILL HEAVILY DEBATED AS LITTLE EVIDENCE WAS GIVEN AND BOTH DENIED ACCUSATIONS • RED SCARE

MARSHALL PLAN • WWII LEFT EUROPE DEVASTATED AND VULNERABLE TO SOVIET INFLUENCE • PLAN WAS PROGRAM OF ECONOMIC AID TO HELP RECOVERY FROM WAR AND PREVENT SPREAD OF COMMUNISM • IMPORTANT PART OF TRUMAN’S POLICY OF CONTAINMENT

BERLIN AIRLIFT • 1948 U. S. FRANCE & G. B. ANNOUNCE THEY WILL COMBINE THEIR AREAS OF OCCUPATION IN GERMANY AND CREATE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, WEST BERLIN WAS SUPPOSED TO BE PART OF THIS. • WEST BERLIN FREE----EAST BERLIN COMMUNIST • JUNE 1948 SOVIET BLOCKED ROAD TRANSPORT INTO WEST BERLIN • TRUMAN AUTHORIZED BERLIN AIRLIFT FOR 15 MONTHS, AMERICAN AND BRITISH PILOTS FLEW IN SUPPLIES FOR SURVIVAL OF WEST BERLIN • STALIN LIFTED ROAD BLOCKADE IN 1949 • AMERICANS STATIONED TROOPS IN WEST GERMANY TO GUARD AGAINST FURTHER SOVIET ACTION

KOREAN WAR • POST WWII KOREA WAS DIVIDED DOWN THE 38 TH PARALLEL INTO NORTH & SOUTH • NORTH KOREA WAS COMMUNIST & SOUTH KOREA WAS NON-COMMUNIST & PRO-AMERICAN • WAR LASTED 1950 -1953 (TRUMAN & EISENHOWER • NORTH KOREA INVADED SOUTH KOREA, JUNE 25, 1950 • TRUMAN CONDEMNED NORTH KOREA AS AGGRESSOR AND INITIATED MILITARY ACTION BY UNITED NATIONS (VIETNAM NOT FOUGHT UNDER UN) • EXTENDED CONTAINMENT POLICY TO ASIA • INITIALLY TO KEEP COMMUNISM FROM SOUTH KOREA THEN BECAME OFFENSE TO RID NORTH OF COMMUNISM • MAO ZEDONG LENT SUPPORT FROM REPUBLIC OF CHINA; TRUMAN FEARED SOVIET AGGRESSION

1950 S CULTURE • MANY MIDDLE CLASS LIVED IN PROSPERITY NEVER BEFORE KNOWN • MANY COUPLES MOVED TO SUBURBS & PURCHASED FIRST HOME (BABY BOOM), PARTIALLY FINANCED BY GI BILL • TWO GROUPS AROSE: CONFORMERS & THOSE PUSHING FOR CHANGE • FEAR OF ECONOMIC RECESSION POST WWII BUT INSTEAD LARGE ECONOMIC GROWTH • 1945 GNP 200 BILLION BY 1960 OVER 500 BILLION • CREDIT CARDS BECAME AVAILABLE FOR FIRST TIME AND GOODS WEREN’T IN SHORTAGE ANYMORE • LEVITTOWNS-PREFAB HOMES AND CAUSED SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN POPULATION MIGRATION

UNREST IN SUBURBIA • MANY MEN WERE DISSATISFIED WITH 9 -5 JOBS POST WWII; HOBBIES OF FISHING & HUNTING; FIELD & STREAM AND PLAYBOY WERE MOST POPULAR MEN’S MAGAZINES • SOME WOMEN CONT. TO WORK BUT MEDIA GAVE MESSAGE THAT WOMEN SHOULD RETURN HOME; COLLEGE AS OPPORTUNITY TO MEET HUSBAND & DROPPED OUT AFTER FINDING SPOUSE • MANY WOMEN DID FIND HAPPINESS AS MOTHERS & DOING COMMUNITY SERVICE BUT SOME DIDN’T; DOCTORS TOLD THEM THEY WERE NEUROTIC & BEGAN PRESCRIBING TRANQUILIZERS (SKYROCKETED IN 50 S TO EARLY 60 S); AFFECT IN 60 S-FEMINIST MOVEMENT

THE “SILENT GENERATION” & THE REBELS • TEENS INTERESTED IN HOT RODS & SCHOOL MIXERS • FIRST GENERATION TO BE TARGETED BY ADVERTISERS • EDUCATION TAUGHT TO OBEY AUTHORITY, FIT IN, CONTROL EMOTIONS, & NOT THINK ABOUT SEX • YOUTH REBELLION INSPIRED BY FILMS & ARTISTS: JAMES DEAN IN REBEL WITHOUT A CAUSE & MARLON BRANDO IN THE WILD ONES • BEAT GENERATION REJECTED SOCIETY OBSESSED WITH A-BOMBS TRADITIONAL SOCIETY AND INSTEAD LISTENED TO JAZZ AND DID DRUGS (FEW ACTUAL MEMBERS) • MAIN FORM OF REBELLION WAS ROCK N’ ROLL

POWER POINT PRESENTATION ASSIGNMENT EXAMPLES COULD INCLUDE (AMONG OTHERS): YOU WILL RESEARCH THE FOREIGN POLICIES OF EITHER HARRY S. TRUMAN OR JIMMY CARTER AND CREATE A 2 MINUTE POWER POINT PRESENTATION WITH NOTES AND PICTURES. YOU MUST GIVE DETAILS ABOUT 3 -4 FOREIGN POLICIES WITHIN THE PRESIDENTIAL ADMINISTRATION THAT YOU CHOOSE. THEN CHOOSE THE POLICY THAT BELIEVE TO BE MOST SUCCESSFUL RELATING TO REGIONAL CONFLICTS OR DECOLONIZATION EFFORTS. **DUE 3/28 & 3/29; TODAY WILL BE THE • • JIMMY CARTER: • PROMOTE UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS • "AGREEMENT IN PRINCIPLE" WITH PANAMA • THE CAMP DAVID ACCORDS • 5 -YEAR DEFENSE BUILD UP • REVOKED THE 1955 MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATY WITH THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA • IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS TRUMAN: • REPLACED FDR'S LAST SECRETARY OF STATE WITH FORMER SENATOR, SUPREME COURT JUSTICE, AND WAR MOBILIZATION DIRECTOR JAMES F. BYRNES. • MANHATTAN PROJECT EXECUTED • YALTA CONFERENCE FEBRUARY 1945 • NATIONAL SECURITY ACT 1947 • MARSHALL PLAN • TRUMAN DOCTRINE • UN FOUNDING • CREATION OF ISRAEL