Unit 7 Scientific Contributions SSWH 13 a SSWH

Unit 7: Scientific Contributions (SSWH 13 a)

SSWH 13: The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European world view

Remember: • 1300 -1600: many changes took place in Europe (Renaissance) • Before 1500, scholars based information on ancient Greek or Roman authors or the Bible • Invention of the printing press (Gutenberg) ▫ Questions about religion, science, government

Scientific Revolution • Scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories, mid-1500 s • New way of thinking about the natural world • Based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

Important Change makers: Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory Kepler Galileo Galilei built his own telescope Isaac Newton 1543 1601 1609 1687 The sun is actually the center of the universe Used mathematical formulas to show that planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits Studied heavens, writing totally new description, supporting Copernicus Publishes law of gravity

Copernicus • Copernicus: 1543 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies • NO! ▫ Geocentric Theory: the Earth is the center of the universe • YES! ▫ Heliocentric Theory: the sun is the center of the universe

Kepler • Continued the work of Brahe (who had studied Copernicus) • Mathematical laws govern planetary motion • Elliptical orbits instead of circles • Showed that Copernicus’ basic ideas were true

Galileo Gallei • Built his telescope 1609 • 1610 published Starry Messenger • Frightened religious leaders • 1632 published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems • 1633: forced by Catholic Church to read a confession • Spent the rest of his life under house arrest Supported Copernicus’s theories

Isaac Newton • Helped to bring together theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion • Law of Universal Gravitation • 1687 published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy one of the most important scientific books ever written God was the creator of this orderly universe

Newton continued • Newton developed Three Laws of Motion and used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems. He showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation, explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

Conclusion • The revolution in scientific thinking that Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo began eventually developed into a new approach to science called the scientific method. ▫ Begins with a problem or question arising from observation ▫ Hypothesis ▫ Test in an experiment or on the basis of data ▫ Analyze and interpret their data to reach a new conclusion

Questions & Answers • 3 Results of the Scientific Revolution were: • Scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories, mid-1500 s • New way of thinking about the natural world • Based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

On the back…. . • Divide into four parts • Title each section: ▫ Geocentric Theory ▫ Heliocentric Theory ▫ Elliptical Orbit ▫ Cause Effect In each box – illustrate each item (except for the last one of course – write that out)

Matching Scientist • Copernicus • Kepler • Galileo • Newton Accomplishment A. Built his own telescope B. Theory of Gravity C. Heliocentric Theory D. Elliptical orbits for planets E. Laws of Motion F. Starry Messenger G. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy