UNIT 7 KEY TERMS LAST SET OF KEY

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UNIT 7 KEY TERMS LAST SET OF KEY TERMS!!! WOOHOO!!!

UNIT 7 KEY TERMS LAST SET OF KEY TERMS!!! WOOHOO!!!

1. BOUNDARY TYPES Definition: Boundaries are invisible lines marking the extent of a state’s

1. BOUNDARY TYPES Definition: Boundaries are invisible lines marking the extent of a state’s territory. Can take a physical, cultural, or geometric form/type. Example: § Physical boundaries (difficult to cross and sparsely inhabited): deserts, mountains, bodies of water – rivers, lakes, oceans § Cultural boundaries: ethnic differences § Geometric

2. BUSH DOCTRINE Definition: A policy of spreading democracy around the world, especially the

2. BUSH DOCTRINE Definition: A policy of spreading democracy around the world, especially the Middle East through preventative war and regime change (modern domino theory). Two main pillars: § Preemptive strikes against political enemies § Promoting democratic regime change Example/Illustration:

3. CENTRIFUGAL FORCES Definition: Force or attitude that tends to divide a state Example/Illustration:

3. CENTRIFUGAL FORCES Definition: Force or attitude that tends to divide a state Example/Illustration: § § § § § Ethnic conflict Social injustice Poverty Dictatorial leadership Religious intolerance Nationalism Loss of rights Any other divisive force (CHECK OUT NEXT COUPLE SLIDES FOR DETAILED EXAMPLES)

CENTRIFUGAL EXAMPLE: LANGUAGE & RELIGION • Increased diversity = increased possibility of conflict •

CENTRIFUGAL EXAMPLE: LANGUAGE & RELIGION • Increased diversity = increased possibility of conflict • Conflicts can result from lack of communication • Religions can have different core values

CENTRIFUGAL EXAMPLE: RELIGION http: //educationportal. com/academy/lesson/mu slim-and-hindu-conflict-in-indiaand-the-partition-of-india-andpakistan. html#lesson (7: 30)

CENTRIFUGAL EXAMPLE: RELIGION http: //educationportal. com/academy/lesson/mu slim-and-hindu-conflict-in-indiaand-the-partition-of-india-andpakistan. html#lesson (7: 30)

CENTRIFUGAL EXAMPLE: ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION & SOCIAL INJUSTICE Ferguson Indictment Protesting (1: 49) § http:

CENTRIFUGAL EXAMPLE: ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION & SOCIAL INJUSTICE Ferguson Indictment Protesting (1: 49) § http: //www. theguardian. com/usnews/video/2014/nov/25/protests-us-ferguson-grandjury-decision-video “Black Rage” by Lauryn Hills (3: 46) § http: //colorlines. com/archives/2014/08/listen_ms_laur yn_hills_black_rage_responds_to_ferguson. html

OTHER EXAMPLES OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCES Cultural diversity Physical geography (mountains or rivers creating separation)

OTHER EXAMPLES OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCES Cultural diversity Physical geography (mountains or rivers creating separation) Multinational state Shape of state

4. CENTRIPETAL FORCES Definition: A force or attitude that tends to unify people and

4. CENTRIPETAL FORCES Definition: A force or attitude that tends to unify people and increase support for a state, help bind people together, and create solidarity Example/Illustration: § § § § § Ethnic unity and tolerance Social/economic equity Just and fair legal system Charismatic leadership Religious acceptance Nationalism Common heritage Any other unifying force (CHECK OUT NEXT COUPLE SLIDES FOR DETAILED EXAMPLES)

CENTRIPETAL EXAMPLE: NATIONALISM States purposefully try to instill a sense of nationalism or loyalty

CENTRIPETAL EXAMPLE: NATIONALISM States purposefully try to instill a sense of nationalism or loyalty to the state through celebration of the country’s heritage/independence, and national symbols or rituals July fourth Pledge of Allegiance Star Spangled Banner § https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. PKp 29 Luryc

CENTRIPETAL EXAMPLES: LANGUAGE & RELIGION Language unites people as a common form of communication

CENTRIPETAL EXAMPLES: LANGUAGE & RELIGION Language unites people as a common form of communication

CENTRIPETAL EXAMPLE: CHARISMATIC LEADER India: Gandhi Germany: Hitler § https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8

CENTRIPETAL EXAMPLE: CHARISMATIC LEADER India: Gandhi Germany: Hitler § https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 H 3 lbp. NC 9 yg (1: 25)

CENTRIPETAL FORCE: EXTERNAL THREAT A powerful external threat can unite a country against a

CENTRIPETAL FORCE: EXTERNAL THREAT A powerful external threat can unite a country against a common enemy § Examples within the US: Communism or 9/11 § Bush’s post 9/11 speech: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=YMiq. EUBux 3 o (4: 23)

5. COLD WAR Definition: state of political and military tension after WWII between Western

5. COLD WAR Definition: state of political and military tension after WWII between Western Bloc (US, NATO allies) and the Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union) Military cooperation in Europe § NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) § 16 democratic states, including the US, Canada, and 14 other European states § Warsaw Pact § Military agreement among Communist eastern European countries to defend each other in case of attack Example/Illustration: next slide

COLD WAR COMPETITION & ALLIANCES NATO and Warsaw Pact were designed to maintain a

COLD WAR COMPETITION & ALLIANCES NATO and Warsaw Pact were designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe § NATO’s Objective: prevent the spread of communism by the Soviet Union § Warsaw Pact Objective: provide the Soviet Union a buffer of allied states between it and Germany to discourage a third German invasion of the Soviet Union in the 20 th century § Disbanded once Europe was no longer dominated by military confrontation between two blocs

6. COLONIALISM Definition: attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its

6. COLONIALISM Definition: attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory Example/Illustration: European colonies within North America

7. DEMILITARIZED ZONE Definition: a weapons-free zone between North Korea and South Korea; no

7. DEMILITARIZED ZONE Definition: a weapons-free zone between North Korea and South Korea; no weapons or troops are permitted in this zone, although each side is heavily guarded to prevent invasion by the other; purpose of this wall is to deter either side from becoming aggressive Example/Illustration:

8. DEMOCRATIZATION Definition: the spread of representative government to more countries and the process

8. DEMOCRATIZATION Definition: the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative. Example/Illustration: this is pursued through the Bush Doctrine

9. DEVOLUTION Definition: the process whereby regions within a state demand gain political strength

9. DEVOLUTION Definition: the process whereby regions within a state demand gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. Can come in the form of the break up of a state or demand for greater autonomy. Example/Illustration: see next slide for examples

EXAMPLES OF DEVOLUTION Break up of a state Yugoslavia / Balkans Former USSR Czechoslovakia

EXAMPLES OF DEVOLUTION Break up of a state Yugoslavia / Balkans Former USSR Czechoslovakia Austria-Hungary Demand for Autonomy UK: Scotland, Wales, Ireland, N. Ireland Spain: Basques, Catalonians Example of Scotland yes campaign: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ib. Fqv. CWg. XUE Reaction to voting results: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Rgz-g 3 Qz. H 1 k

EFFECTS OF DEVOLUTION – PART 1 Formation of new states More power to regions

EFFECTS OF DEVOLUTION – PART 1 Formation of new states More power to regions § Formation of new legislatures § Local control over policy Local ethno-nationalism § Linguistic § Religious revival Regional separatism

EFFECTS OF DEVOLUTION – PART 2 Political instability § Civil war § Fighting §

EFFECTS OF DEVOLUTION – PART 2 Political instability § Civil war § Fighting § Hostility § Ethnic cleansing Economic instability Mass migration § Refugees § Emigration

10. DOMINO THEORY Definition: idea that the destabilization from any cause in one country

10. DOMINO THEORY Definition: idea that the destabilization from any cause in one country can result in the collapse of order in a neighboring country, leading to a chain of events that affect adjoining states in turn (fear of communism spreading). § Korea (1950) § Vietnam (1984) § Afghanistan (1980) Example/Illustration:

11. EEZ (EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE) Definition: Areas where coastal and island states have the

11. EEZ (EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE) Definition: Areas where coastal and island states have the right to manage ocean resources Example/Illustration:

12. EUROPEAN UNION Definition: Union of European states formed in 1958 for the purpose

12. EUROPEAN UNION Definition: Union of European states formed in 1958 for the purpose of healing western Europe’s scars from WWII. Now focuses on promoting the development within member states through economic and political cooperation (European states working together to help European states) Example/Illustration: look through next couple of slides for examples

ADVANTAGES OF THE EU MEMBERSHIP No tariffs/import taxes on EU produced products going to

ADVANTAGES OF THE EU MEMBERSHIP No tariffs/import taxes on EU produced products going to EU countries § No tariffs = lower prices more sales = higher profits § Result: higher standard of living for all EU members Greater international influence § More power to compete with economies of other countries § War is less likely Common passport Common currency Universal voting

CONCERNS & DISADVANTAGES OF EU MEMBERSHIP Loss of control over individual policy No protection

CONCERNS & DISADVANTAGES OF EU MEMBERSHIP Loss of control over individual policy No protection for local industries (Eastern Europe was used to this under communism) Possible unemployment in certain industries Loss of “national” identity or culture

13. FEDERAL AND UNITARY STATES Governments of states are organized according to one of

13. FEDERAL AND UNITARY STATES Governments of states are organized according to one of two approaches: the unitary system OR the federal system § Unitary: countries with highlighted centralized governments, few internal cultural contrasts, strong sense of national identity and borders that are clearly cultural as well as political (example: Sweden) § Federal: a state with a two-tiered system of government and a clear distinction between the powers vested in the central government and those residing in the governments of the component regional subdivisions (example: US) § Global trend towards federations

14. FRONTIER Definition: a zone where no state exercises complete political authority Example/Illustration: Think

14. FRONTIER Definition: a zone where no state exercises complete political authority Example/Illustration: Think of America’s west during early American history (the western frontier)

15. GEOPOLITICS Definition: The study of power relationships past, present, and future. Branch of

15. GEOPOLITICS Definition: The study of power relationships past, present, and future. Branch of political geography that considers the strategic value of land sea area in the context of national economic and military power and ambitions Example/Illustration:

16. GERRYMANDERING Definition: process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the

16. GERRYMANDERING Definition: process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. Comes in three forms: wasted vote; excess vote; stacked vote Example/Illustration: look through next slides for image

ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY Gerrymandering takes three forms: § “Wasted vote” spreads opposition supporters across many

ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY Gerrymandering takes three forms: § “Wasted vote” spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority § “Excess vote” concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts § “Stacked vote” links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries US Supreme Court ruled gerrymandering illegal in 1985 but did not require dismantling of existing oddly shaped districts

ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY Recent gerrymandering in the US has been primarily “stacked vote” Through gerrymandering,

ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY Recent gerrymandering in the US has been primarily “stacked vote” Through gerrymandering, only about one-tenth of Congressional seats are competitive, making a shift of more than a few seats increasingly improbably from one election to another in the US

17. IMPERIALISM Definition: policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or

17. IMPERIALISM Definition: policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Example/Illustration: Much of Africa was under European imperialistic control after the Scramble for Africa.

18. MACKINDER’S HEARTLAND THEORY Definition: Political theory that world power is based on the

18. MACKINDER’S HEARTLAND THEORY Definition: Political theory that world power is based on the land based state controlling the Eurasian heartland has he key to world domination (whoever controlled Eurasia, could control the world) Example/Illustration:

19. MICROSTATE Definition: states with very small land areas Example/Illustration: Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino

19. MICROSTATE Definition: states with very small land areas Example/Illustration: Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino

20. MULTINATIONAL STATE Definition: state that contains more than one nation § most countries

20. MULTINATIONAL STATE Definition: state that contains more than one nation § most countries are multinational Example/Illustration: Canada

21. MULTISTATE NATION Definition: a group of people who share a common characteristic and

21. MULTISTATE NATION Definition: a group of people who share a common characteristic and live in multiple states Example/Illustration: the Kurds

22. NATION Definition: a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular

22. NATION Definition: a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense of unity arising from shared beliefs and customs. There are four markers of a nation § § Shared cultural heritage or shared belief system Loyalty Permanent territory Self-determination Example/Illustration: The Kurds

23. NATION-STATE Definition: an ideal form consisting of a homogenous group governed by their

23. NATION-STATE Definition: an ideal form consisting of a homogenous group governed by their own state. Very few states are true nationstates, because most states contain minority peoples who belong to another nation Example/Illustration: Denmark or Japan

24. POLITICAL ECOLOGY Definition: the relationship among power structures, the environment, and economic inequalities

24. POLITICAL ECOLOGY Definition: the relationship among power structures, the environment, and economic inequalities Example/Illustration:

25. POLITICAL LANDSCAPE Definition: the current state of politics in a particular region Example/Illustration:

25. POLITICAL LANDSCAPE Definition: the current state of politics in a particular region Example/Illustration:

26. RATZEL’S ORGANIC STATE Definition: Theory by Friedrich Ratzel that the state is an

26. RATZEL’S ORGANIC STATE Definition: Theory by Friedrich Ratzel that the state is an organism conforming to natural laws and forced to grow and expand into new territories in order to secure resources needed for survival. § State requires “lebensraum” § Translates into “living space” Example/Illustration: Adolf Hitler used this theory to invade surrounding countries and build German nationalism

27. REDISTRICTING Definition: the drawing of a new electoral district boundary lines in response

27. REDISTRICTING Definition: the drawing of a new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes (based on census) Example/Illustration:

28. SELF-DETERMINATION Definition: the ability of a government to determine their own course of

28. SELF-DETERMINATION Definition: the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will Example/Illustration: the US has self-determination because it is not controlled by any other countries

29. SHAPES OF STATES Five basic shapes: § § § Compact Elongated Prorupted Fragmented

29. SHAPES OF STATES Five basic shapes: § § § Compact Elongated Prorupted Fragmented Perforated Look at next couple slides for definitions and examples

FIVE BASIC SHAPES OF COUNTRIES 1. COMPACT STATES: EFFICIENT Distance from center of state

FIVE BASIC SHAPES OF COUNTRIES 1. COMPACT STATES: EFFICIENT Distance from center of state to any boundary does not vary significantly § Ideal theoretical example would be circle-shaped with the capital in the center § Beneficial characteristic within small states because good communication can be more easily established to all regions

FIVE BASIC SHAPES OF COUNTRIES 2. ELONGATED STATES: POTENTIAL ISOLATION Long and narrow shape

FIVE BASIC SHAPES OF COUNTRIES 2. ELONGATED STATES: POTENTIAL ISOLATION Long and narrow shape May suffer from poor internal communication Example: Chile § 4, 000 km long north and south § Rarely exceeds 150 km wide east and west

FIVE BASIC SHAPES OF COUNTRIES 3. PRORUPTED STATES: ACCESS OR DISRUPTION Compact state with

FIVE BASIC SHAPES OF COUNTRIES 3. PRORUPTED STATES: ACCESS OR DISRUPTION Compact state with a large projecting extension Proruptions created for two principle reasons § Provide state access to a resource, such as water § Separate two states that would otherwise share a boundary

FIVE BASIC SHAPES OF COUNTRIES 4. FRAGMENTED STATES: PROBLEMATIC State that includes several discontinuous

FIVE BASIC SHAPES OF COUNTRIES 4. FRAGMENTED STATES: PROBLEMATIC State that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory Two kinds of fragmented states § Fragmented states separated by water § Fragmented states separated by an intervening state Makes communication difficult

FIVE BASIC SHAPES OF COUNTRIES 5. PERFORATED STATES: SOUTH AFRICA A state that completely

FIVE BASIC SHAPES OF COUNTRIES 5. PERFORATED STATES: SOUTH AFRICA A state that completely surrounds another one Encompassed stated is dependent on the surrounding state for interactions beyond its boundary § E. G. Lesotho is completely surrounded by South Africa

30. SOVEREIGNTY Definition: authority to govern oneself Example/Illustration: U. S. has sovereignty because the

30. SOVEREIGNTY Definition: authority to govern oneself Example/Illustration: U. S. has sovereignty because the US creates its own laws

31. STATE Definition: an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory and

31. STATE Definition: an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs § Currently about 200 independent states exist Example/Illustration: Canada

32. STATELESS NATION Definition: a people without a state Example/Illustration: Palestinians

32. STATELESS NATION Definition: a people without a state Example/Illustration: Palestinians

33. SUPRANATIONALISM Definition: three or more countries form a union for economic, political, or

33. SUPRANATIONALISM Definition: three or more countries form a union for economic, political, or cultural cooperation Example/Illustration: European Union § Main task of the EU is to promote development within the member states through economic cooperation

ADVANTAGES OF THE EU MEMBERSHIP No tariffs/import taxes on EU produced products going to

ADVANTAGES OF THE EU MEMBERSHIP No tariffs/import taxes on EU produced products going to EU countries § No tariffs = lower prices more sales = higher profits § Result: higher standard of living for all EU members Greater international influence § More power to compete with economies of other countries § War is less likely Common passport Common currency Universal voting

CONCERNS & DISADVANTAGES OF EU MEMBERSHIP Loss of control over individual policy No protection

CONCERNS & DISADVANTAGES OF EU MEMBERSHIP Loss of control over individual policy No protection for local industries (Eastern Europe was used to this under communism) Possible unemployment in certain industries Loss of “national” identity or culture

34. TERRITORIALITY Definition: a country’s sense of property and attachment towards its territory, as

34. TERRITORIALITY Definition: a country’s sense of property and attachment towards its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended. Example/Illustration:

35. TERRORISM Definition: systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate

35. TERRORISM Definition: systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands. § Attempts to achieve their objectives through organized acts that spread fear (bombing, kidnapping, hostages, assassinations, etc. ) Example/Illustration: see slide with American terrorists’ names

TERRORISM BY INDIVIDUALS & ORGANIZATIONS Applied to actions by groups operating outside government rather

TERRORISM BY INDIVIDUALS & ORGANIZATIONS Applied to actions by groups operating outside government rather than to those of official government agencies Victims are usually citizens Distinguishing terrorism from other acts of political violence can be difficult § Why do you think so?

TERRORISM BY INDIVIDUALS & ORGANIZATIONS The US suffered several terrorist attacks during the late

TERRORISM BY INDIVIDUALS & ORGANIZATIONS The US suffered several terrorist attacks during the late 20 t h century With the exception of the Oklahoma City bombing, which killed 168 people in 1995, Americans generally paid little attention to the attacks and had only a vague notion of who had committed them Americans’ view on terrorism changed after 9/11

AMERICAN TERRORISTS Some of the terrorists during the 1990 s were American citizens operating

AMERICAN TERRORISTS Some of the terrorists during the 1990 s were American citizens operating alone or with a handful of others Theodore J. Kaczynski (the Unabomber) was convicted of killing 3 people and injuring 23 others by sending bombs through the mail during a 17 year period § His targets were mainly academics in technological disciplines and executives in businesses whose actions he considered to be adversely affecting the environment Timothy J. Mc. Veigh (Oklahoma City Bombing) claimed his terrorist act was provoked by the Waco, Texas incident

TERRORISM BY INDIVIDUALS & ORGANIZATIONS State support for terrorism § Several Middle Eastern states

TERRORISM BY INDIVIDUALS & ORGANIZATIONS State support for terrorism § Several Middle Eastern states have supported for terrorism in recent years, at three increasing levels of involvement: § Providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries § Afghanistan and possibly Pakistan have provided sanctuary for al-Qaeda terrorists § Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists § Planning attacks using terrorists Examples: Libya, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan

WHY HAS TERRORISM INCREASED? Terrorism initiated by individuals, organizations, and states has increased, especially

WHY HAS TERRORISM INCREASED? Terrorism initiated by individuals, organizations, and states has increased, especially against the US Terrorists consider all US citizens justifiable targets because they hold all US citizens responsible for US government policies and cultural practices America’s aggressive foreign policy on Middle East countries and the reaction of the affected communities