Unit 7 Gastroenterology Copyright 2010 Delmar Cengage Learning

Unit 7 Gastroenterology Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Digestive System Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Steps in the Process of Digestion 1. Teeth chew food – masticat/ion 2. Saliva combines with food 3. Tongue pushes food into throat – Pharynx Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Steps in the Process of Digestion 4. Smooth muscle contractions push food down esophagus to stomach – ingest/ion 5. Hydrochloric acid and enzymes mix with food in stomach 6. Broken down food moves to duodenum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Steps in the Process of Digestion 7. Duodenal wall and pancreas secrete digestive enzymes 8. Bile from gallbladder mixes in 9. Enzymes break down food components – digest/ion • Starches into glucose • Proteins into amino acids • Bile emulsifies fats Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Steps in the Process of Digestion 10. Nutrients and water absorb into blood and lymphatic systems through intestinal walls – absorp/tion 11. Undigested and unabsorbed food (feces or stool) travel through large intestine to rectum 12. Feces expel through anus – defecat/ion Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Animation • Insert Digestion animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Carbohydrates • carb/o = combining form – Indicates presence of carbon in substance • Example: – carb/o/hydrates = contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) and provide energy for body – Glucose • Most simple carbohydrate in body – Starch • Carbohydrate in rice, potatoes, and flour Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Enzymes • Special proteins that assist in breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in foods • -ase = suffix to indicate enzyme Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Enzymes Enzyme Break down lip/ase fat into fatty acids amyl/ase starch into simple sugar lact/ase lactose into simple sugar lact/ose intolerance = difficulty digesting milk products due to lack of lactase Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Malnutrition • Over- or under-nutrition • Obesity – Being overweight for height and body frame size • Due to hypertrophy of fat cells – Causes: • Overeating and lack of exercise – Adds to risk of heat disease, hypertension, and arthritis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Bariatrics • bar/o = weight • bar/iatrics = medical practice specializing in prevention and treatment of obesity • bar/atric medical center = provides nutrition counseling, behavior therapy, and surgical interventions Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Mouth • stomat/o = combining form • Origin – Greek – stoma = mouth Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Mouth • Examples: – – – stomat/o/pathy = any mouth disease stomat/algia = pain in mouth stomat/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of mouth stomat/itis = inflammation of mouth stomat/o/myc/osis = mouth fungus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Mouth Procedures • stomat/o/scope = instrument used to examine mouth • stomat/o/scopy = process of examining mouth with scope • stomat/o/plasty = surgical repair of mouth Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Oral Cavity Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Tongue • gloss/o = combining form • gloss/al = adjectival form Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Tongue Conditions and Procedures • • • gloss/algia = pain in tongue gloss/itis = inflammation of tongue gloss/o/ptosis = prolapse of tongue gloss/o/plegia = paralysis of tongue gloss/o/scopy = examination of tongue gloss/ectomy = excision of tongue Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Under the Tongue • Terms meaning under tongue: – hypo/glossal – sub/lingual • lingu/o = combining form for tongue – Latin • Some medications placed under tongue – E. g. , nitroglycerin tablets Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Lips • cheil = word root • cheil/o = combining form • Examples: – – cheil/osis = condition or disorder of lips cheil/itis = inflammation of lips cheil/o/tomy = incision into lips cheil/o/plasty = plastic surgery of lips Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gums • gingiv/o = combining form • Examples: – – gingiv/al = pertaining to gums gingiv/itis = inflammation of gums gingiv/algia = gum pain gingiv/ectomy = excision of gum tissue Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms Involving the Gums • gingiv/o/gloss/itis = inflammation of gums and tongue • lingu/o/gingiv/al = pertaining to tongue and gums Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Esophagus • esophag/o = combining form – eso- = in or toward – phag/o = swallow • esophag/eal = adjectival form • Examples: – esophag/o/sten/osis = narrowing of esophagus – para/esophag/eal hernia = herniation around esophagus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Esophagus • Terms that mean pertaining to stomach and esophagus: – esophag/o/gastr/ic – gastr/o/esophag/eal • gastr/o/esophag/eal reflux disease (GERD) = gastric and duodenal juices enter and irritate esophagus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Preventing GERD • • Avoid eating just before going to bed Avoid fatty foods Lose extra weight Elevate head of bed Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Stomach • gastr/o = combining form • gastr/ic = adjectival form • Examples: – gastr/o/rrhagia = stomach hemorrhage – gastr/ectasia = dilation or stretching of stomach Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gastritis • gastr/itis = inflammation of stomach • Common cause: – Helicobacter pylori (HP) • Transmitted through contamination by vomit and feces • Symptoms: – Epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Small Intestine • enter/o = combining form • Examples: – enter/ic = pertaining to small intestine • Tablets that dissolve in small intestine may have enteric coating – enter/itis = inflammation of small intestine Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Structure and Function of the Small Intestine • Three sections: – Duodenum • Stomach contents enter and mix with bile and enzymes – Jejunum – Ileum • Walls rich in blood supply and lymphatic vessels to absorb digested nutrients Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Small Intestine Conditions • enter/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of small intestine • enter/o/plegia = paralysis of small intestine • enter/o/cele = herniation of small intestine Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Dysentery • Disorder of small intestine characterized by: – Inflammation, pain, and diarrhea • Can be caused by drinking water contaminated with bacteria • Amoebic dysentery caused by amoeba-type parasite Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Small Intestine Procedures • enter/o/centesis = surgical puncture of small intestine • enter/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of small intestine • enter/ectasia = dilation or stretching of small intestine Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with enter/o • gastro/o/enter/o/logy = internal medicine specialty that deals with diseases of stomach and intestine • gastro/enter/ic = pertaining to stomach and small intestine • gastro/o/enter/o/ptosis = prolapse of stomach and small intestine Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Colon • Another word for large intestine • col/o = combining form • Examples: – col/ic and col/o/nic = pertaining to colon Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anatomy of the Colon • • Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anatomy of the Colon • Cecum – Pouch at beginning of ascending colon • ile/o/cec/al valve = location where digested and undigested food moves from small intestine into cecum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Functions of the Colon 1. Receives contents of small intestine 2. Absorbs water and water-soluble nutrients through its wall 3. Eliminates feces via rectum and anus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Constipation • con/stip/ation = infrequent or small amount of bowel movement • Origin – Latin word parts meaning withhold or press together • Caused by: – Anesthesia use, aging, dehydration, and low-fiber intake Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Cathartics • cathartic = laxative • Origin – Greek – katharsis = purification • Result in: – Liquefaction of stool or relaxation of bowel (intestine) Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Cathartics • Catharsis – Also means emotional release – Used in psychoanalysis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Slow Colonic Motility (Movement) • Caused by: – Chronic lack of moisture and bulk in feces • Conditions: – Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and diverticular disease • Treatment: – Medications and increase in dietary fiber Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diverticulitis • Diverticula – Outpouchings or pockets that develop in colon wall • diverticul/osis = presence of diverticula • diverticul/itis = infection and inflammation of diverticula caused by trapped food that putrefies and irritates tissues Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with col/o • • col/o/ptosis = prolapse of colon col/o/centesis = surgical puncture of colon col/o/pexy = surgical fixation of colon col/o/ostomy = making of new opening in colon Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Colostomy Sites Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sigmoid Colon • sigmoid/o = combining form • Examples: – sigmoid/o/scope = instrument used to examine sigmoid colon – sigmoid/o/scopy = procedure of examining sigmoid colon with scope Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Fecal Occult Blood Test • Test performed to detect occult blood in feces – Also known as guaiac test – occult = hidden • Presence of blood sign of infection, ulcers, or tumors Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Appendix • Worm-like glandular structure growing from bottom of cecum • appendices = plural • appendix = word roots • Examples: – appendic/itis = inflammation of appendix – append/ectomy = excision of appendix Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Rectum • rect/o = combining form • Examples: – rect/al = pertaining to rectum – rect/o/cele = herniation of rectum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Rectal Procedures • rect/o/scope = instrument for examining rectum • rect/o/scopy = process of examining rectum with scope • rect/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of rectum • rect/o/plasty = plastic surgery of rectum • rect/o/rrhapy = suturing of rectum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with proct/o • proct/o = combining form for anus and rectum • Examples: – proct/o/logy = study of diseases of anus and rectum – proct/o/logist = specialist in diseases of anus and rectum – proct/o/plegia = paralysis of anus and rectum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with proct/o • Examples: – proct/o/scope = instrument for examining anus and rectum – proct/o/scopy = examination of anus and rectum with scope – proct/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of anus and rectum – proct/o/rrhaphy = suturing of anus and rectum – proct/o/pexy = surgical fixation of anus and rectum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver • hepat/o = combining form • Examples: – hepat/ic = pertaining to liver – hepat/o/pathy = any liver disease Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Accessory Organs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Hepatitis • Hepat/itis = inflammation of liver • Hepatitis A – Acute infection associated with food or water contaminated by human waste Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Hepatitis • Hepatitis B – Serious viral infection transmitted by blood and body fluids – Classified as sexually transmitted disease • Hepatitis C – Chronic condition usually transmitted by blood Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Cirrhosis • Cirrhosis of the liver – Debilitating disease when scar tissue forms in liver • Caused by: – Malnutrition, alcoholism, poisoning, or history of hepatitis • Treatment: – Diet modifications, vitamins, alcohol cessation, energy conservation, and surgery Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Conditions • • hepat/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage in liver hepat/o/cele = herniation of liver hepat/o/dynia = pain in liver hepat/o/lith = stone in liver Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Procedures • hepat/o/scopy = examination of liver • hepat/o/tomy = incision into liver • hepat/ectomy = excision of part of liver Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Pancreas • Digestive and endocrine organ – Digestive function: • Produces amylase and lipase – Endocrine function • Produces insulin • pancreat/o = combining form • pancreat/ic = pertaining to pancreas Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with Pancreat/o • • pancreat/o/pathy = any pancreatic disease pancreat/o/lith = stone or calculus in pancreas pancreat/o/tomy = incision into pancreas pancreat/ectomy = surgical removal of pancreas • pancreat/o/lysis = destruction of pancreatic tissue Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Animation • Insert The Pancreas Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

ERCP • end/o/scop/ic retro/grade cholangi/o/pancreat/o/graphy • Purpose: – Locate stone Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

ERCP • Procedure: 1. Insert cannula (tube) into common bile duct or pancreatic duct 2. Introduce contrast media 3. Take x-ray Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Spleen • Blood-forming organ • splen/o = combining form • Examples: – splen/ic = pertaining to spleen – splen/ectmy = excision of spleen – splen/o/pexy = surgical fixation of spleen Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Spleen Conditions • • • splen/o/pathy = any spleen disease splen/algia = pain in spleen splen/o/megaly = enlarged spleen splen/o/ptosis = prolapse of spleen splen/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of spleen Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Spleen Procedures • splen/ectomy = excision of spleen • splen/o/pexy = surgical fixation of spleen • splen/o/rrhapy = suture of spleen Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Atresia • Blockage or lack of opening • Origin – Greek – tresis = hole • esophageal a/tres/ia = esophagus closed • biliary a/tres/ia = bile ducts not open – Bile backs up into liver Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Atresia • intestinal a/tres/ia = congenital condition when part of intestine closed • mitral a/tres/ia = congenital closure of mitral valve in heart Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Words Built from Digestive System Terms • jejun/o/ile/itis = inflammation of jejunum and ileum • chole/cyst/o/duoden/ostomy = new opening between duodenum and gallbladder • esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy = examination of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Words Built from Digestive System Terms • chol/angi/o/pancreat/o/graphy = x-ray of biliary and pancreatic ducts • esophag/o/duoden/ostomy = new connection surgically made between esophagus and duodenum – When entire stomach removed Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Words Built from Digestive System Terms • enter/o/cholecyst/ostomy = new connection between small intestine and gallbladder Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.