Unit 6 Urology and Gynecology Copyright 2010 Delmar

Unit 6 Urology and Gynecology Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Urology • Study of urinary tract – Forms urine from excess water and waste materials – Eliminates urine from body • ur/o = combining form Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Urinary System Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Urological Terms • ur/o/logist = physician specialist who treats male and female urinary systems and male reproductive system • ur/in/alysis = testing of urine • ur/o/pathy = any disease of urinary tract Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Urination Conditions Condition Description poly/uria noct/uria an/uria olig/uria nocturn/al en/ur/esis dys/uria too much urination excessive urination at night lack of urination abnormally low amounts of urination bed wetting difficult or painful urination Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Urination Conditions Condition bacter/i/uria hemat/uria albumin/uria glycos/uria keton/uria Description bacteria in urine blood in urine protein in urine sugar in urine ketones in urine Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Kidneys • ren/o = combining form • renal = adjectival form • Examples: – ren/o/pathy = any kidney disease – ren/o/gram = x-ray record of kidney Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with ren/o • reno/intestinal = pertaining to kidney and intestine • reno/gastric = pertaining to kidney and stomach Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Nephrons • Functional unit of kidney – Filter blood to remove waste and excess water • nephr/o = combining form – Also refers to kidney Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Kidney Conditions • nephr/itis = inflammation of kidney • nephr/o/ptosis = prolapse or displacement of kidney – Can occur from hard blow – Kidney belts protect Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Kidney Conditions • nephro/o/malac/ia = kidney softening • nephr/o/megaly = kidney enlargement • nephr/o/lith = stone in kidney Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Kidney Procedures • • nephr/o/plasty = surgical repair of kidney nephr/o/lysis = destruction of kidney tissue nephr/o/rrhaphy = suturing of kidney nephr/o/pexy = fixation of prolapsed kidney – -pexy = putting prolapsed organ back in place Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Renal Pelvis • Area at center of kidney where urine collects and is funneled into ureter • pyel/o = combining form Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Renal Pelvis Conditions • pyel/o/itis = inflammation of renal pelvis • pyel/o/nephr/itis = inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Renal Pelvis Procedures • pyel/o/gram = x-ray of renal pelvis – Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) • pyel/o/plasty = surgical repair of renal pelvis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ureters • Tubes through which urine runs from kidney to bladder • ureter/o = combining form • Example: – ureter/o/pathy = any disease of ureter Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ureteral Conditions • ureter/o/lith = stone in ureter • ureter/o/cele = herniation of ureter • ureter/o/py/osis = condition involving pus in ureter • ureter/o/pyel/itis = inflammation of ureter and renal pelvis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ureteral Procedures • ureter/o/rrhaphy = suturing of ureter • ureter/o/cyst/o/stomy = making new opening between ureter and bladder • ureter/o/pyel/o/plasty = surgical repair of ureter and bladder Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Urethra • urethr/o = combining form • Examples: – urethr/o/spasm = spasm of urethra – urethr/o/tomy = incision in urethra – urethr/o/rrhaphy = suturing of urethra Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Urethral Terms • urethr/o/rect/al = pertaining to urethra and rectum • urethr/o/vaginal = pertaining to urethra and vagina • urethr/o/cyst/itis = inflammation of urethra and vagina Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Animation Click Here to Play Urine Formation Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Male Reproductive System Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Animation Click Here to Play Male Reproductive Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Spermatozoa • Male germ cells • Origin – Greek – sperma = seed • spermat/o and sperm/o (i) = combining forms Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Spermatozoa • Examples: – spermat/o/genesis = formation of sperm – spermat/oid = resembling sperm • Terms for immature sperm: – spermat/o/blast – sperm/o/blast Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Spermatozoa • spermat/o/pathy = disease of sperm • spermat/o/cele = herniated saclike structure containing sperm • spermat/o/cyst = sac containing sperm Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Spermatozoa • Terms for destruction of sperm: – spermat/o/lysis – spermo/lysis • sperm/i/cide = agent used to kill sperm – -cide = kill or destroy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Animation Click Here to Play Sperm Formation Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Testes • • testes = testicals testis = singular form testicular = adjectival form Three combining forms: – orchid/o – orchi/o – orch/o Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Structures of the Testes Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Testicular Conditions • Terms for testicular pain: – orchid/algia – orchid/o/dynia • Examples: – orchid/o/cele = herniation of testicle – crypt/orchid/ism = undescended testicle • Occurs when testicle fails to drop from abdominal cavity around time of birth Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Testicular Conditions • Testicular cancer – Very serious condition – Occurs most frequently between ages 18 and 35 – Testicular self-exam (TSE) recommended Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Testicular Procedures • orchid/o/tomy = incision in testicles • orchid/o/plasty = surgical repair of testicles • orchi/o/pexy = surgery to correct cryptorchidism Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prostate Gland • Secretes fluid that is added to sperm to create semen • prostat/o = combining form • protat/ic = adjectival form Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Enlarged Prostate • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) – Enlargement of prostate – Causes: • Increase in number of cells • Aging Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prostatic Conditions and Procedures • prostat/itis = inflammation of prostate gland • prostat/o/rrhea = abnormal flow or discharge in prostate gland • protat/algia = prostate pain • prostat/ectomy = removal of prostate gland Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Vas Deferens • Ducts or vessels that convey sperm from testicles to urethra • vas/o = combining form – Can be used to mean other types of vessels Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Vas Deferens Procedures • vas/o/tomy = incision in vas deferens • vas/o/rrhaphy = suturing of vas deferens • vas/o/stomy = creation of new opening in vas deferens • vas/ectomy = removal of segment of vas deferens – Procedure used for sterilization Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Semen • Fluid that contains sperm – Also known as seminal fluid • semin/o = combining form • Example: – semin/al vesicles = secrete fluid that combines with prostatic fluid and sperm Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Seminoma • Malignant neoplasm – Generated by spermatoblast cells in a testis – Occurs most often in young men Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Penis • pen/o = combining form • pen/ile = adjectival form • Example: – pen/itis = inflammation of penis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Impotence • Inability to have erection – Causes: • Trauma • Prostatectomy • Diabetes • Penile implant – Device filled with fluid to produce erection Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Glans Penis • Structure at distal portion (far end) of penis • balan/o = combining form • Examples: – balan/itis = inflammation of glans penis – balan/o/rrhea = discharge of glans penis – balan/o/plasty = surgical repair of glans penis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Scrotum • • Saclike structure than contains testes scrot/o = combining form scrot/al = adjectival form Example: – pen/o/scrot/al = pertaining to penis and scrotum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Female Reproductive System Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Animation Click Here to Play Female Reproductive System Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gynecology • gynec/o/logy = study of functions and diseases of women – Especially female reproductive system • gynec/o/logic = pertaining to gynecology • gynec/o/logist = physician who specializes in female disorders Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gynecology • gyn/o/pathy = any disease peculiar to women • gynec/oid = resembling women • gyn/e/phobia = abnormal fear of women Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ovum • Mature female reproductive cell – Egg • ova = plural form • o/o = combining form Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ovum • Example: – o/o/blast = embryonic egg cell • Cell that will become ovum – o/o/genesis = formation and development of ovum • Completed when ovum fertilized by spermatozoon Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ovary • Organ responsible for maturing and discharging ovum • ovarian = adjectival form • ovulation = process of maturing and discharging ovum – Occurs approximately every 28 days Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ovary • oophor/o = combining form • Origin – Greek – oon = egg – phoros = to bear Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ovary • Examples: – – oophor/itis = inflammation of ovary oophor/oma = ovarian tumor oophor/ectomy = removal of ovary oophor/o/pexy = fixation of displaced ovary Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Fallopian Tubes • salping/o = combining form • Origin – Greek – salpinx = trumpet • Shape of the tubes Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Fallopian Tubes • Examples: – salping/itis = inflammation of fallopian tubes – salping/o-/oophor/itis = inflammation of a fallopian tube and an ovary – salping/o-/oophor/o/cele = hernia that encloses fallopian tubes and ovary – salping/o/scope = instrument used to examine fallopian tubes Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Fallopian Tubes • Examples: – salping/o/stomy = new surgical opening in fallopian tubes – salping/ectomy = removal of fallopian tubes • Tubal ligation – Sterilization procedure in which tubes are severed and sealed shut Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Vagina • colp/o = combining form • Examples: – – colp/itis = inflammation of vagina colp/o/pathy = any vaginal disease colp/o/dynia = vaginal pain colp/o/spasm = vaginal spasm Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Vaginal Procedures • colp/ectomy = removal of part of vagina – Also known as vaginectomy • colp/o/plasty = surgical repair of vagina – Also known as vaginoplasty • colp/o/pexy = fixation of vagina Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Uterus • uterine = adjectival form • hyster/o = combining form – Usually means uterus as an organ • Examples: – hyster/o/pathy = any uterine disease – hyster/o/ptosis = prolapse of uterus – hyster/o/pexy = fixation of prolapsed uterus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Uterine Procedures • hyster/o/scopy = procedure of examining inside of uterus • hyster/o/scope = instrument with light source used to see into uterus • hyster/o/gram = x-ray of uterus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Uterine Procedures • hyster/o/salping/o/gram = special x-ray of uterus and fallopian tubes – Uses contrast medium – Determines openness of fallopian tubes • hyster/o/salping/o-/oophor/ectomy = removal of uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries – Also known as total hysterectomy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Uterine Tissues • metr/o = combining form – Uterine tissues and musculature • Rather than uterus as an organ – hyster/o • Terms for any uterine disease: – metr/o/pathy – hyster/o/pathy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Terms with metr/o • metr/itis = inflammation of uterine musculature • metr/o/plegia = paralysis of uterine tissues • metr/o/cele = herniation of uterine tissues – Also known as hyster/o/cele • metr/o/rrhea = abnormal discharge from uterine tissues Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Endometrium • Inner lining of uterus • endo/metr/itis = inflammation of uterus • endo/metr/iosis = condition in which tissue that looks and acts like endometrial tissue is found in places other than lining of uterus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Cervix • Neck of uterus • cervic/o = combining form – Also combining form for neck (cervical) area of spine • cervic/al = adjectival form • Example: – cervic/itis = inflammation of cervix Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Conization • con/ization = surgical procedure on cervix – Cone-shaped cut made to remove tissue – May be done with electr/o/cautery or cold knife blade Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Hemorrhage • Bursting forth of blood • -rrhagia = suffix meaning hemorrhage • Examples: – men/o/rrhagia = excessive bleeding during menstruation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Hemorrhage • Examples: – Hemorrhage of the: • urethr/o/rrhagia = urethra • cyst/o/rrhagia = bladder • ureter/o/rrhagia = ureter Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Blood Vessels • vas/o = blood vessel – Also can refer to other types of vessels • Origin – Latin – vas = vessel • vas/al = pertaining to vessel • vas/o/spasm = spasm of vessel Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Blood Vessels Terms • vas/o/dilatat/ion and vas/o/dilation = increasing diameter of vessel – E. g. , nitroglycerine • People with angina pectoris (chest pain) take it to allow more blood to flow to heart • vas/o/constrict/ion = decreasing diameter of vessel Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Blood Vessels Terms • vas/o/motor = adjective referring to nerves that control tone of blood walls • vaso/o/tripsy = crushing of vessel with forceps to stop hemorrhage Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Dilation • Increase in diameter • Word forms: – – – dilate dilation dilated dilator dilating dilatation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Dilation • Constriction – Decrease in diameter of vessel • Lumen – Opening of vessel Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Suturing • Suture – Verb for stitching up wound • Suture – Noun for stitch or row of stitches • -rrhaphy = combining form for suturing or wound closure Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Suturing • Examples: – – – – dermat/o/rrhaphy = skin ureter/o/rrhaphy = ureter nephr/o/rrhaphy = kidney nephr/o/rrhaphy = nerve cyst/o/rrhaphy = bladder colp/o/rrhaphy = vagina urethr/o/rrhaphy = urethra Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: poly • poly = many/much • Examples: – – poly/uria = excessive urine poly/neur/itis = disease of many nerves poly/neur/algia = pain in many nerves poly/arthr/itis = inflammation of many joints Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: poly • Examples: – – poly/ot/ia = having more than two ears poly/cyst/ic = having many cysts poly/phagia = eating too much poly/phobia = having many phobias • Excessive fear of things Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.