UNIT 6 MANAGING AVIATION SERVICES LEARNING OUTCOME 2

UNIT 6 MANAGING AVIATION SERVICES

LEARNING OUTCOME 2 EXPLAIN THE STRUCTURE OF THE AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY AND THE ROLE OF THE DIFFERENT ORGANISATIONS THAT MAKE UP THE INDUSTRY

P 3 DISCUSS THE STRUCTURE OF THE AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY AND THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRLINES AND AIRPORT TERMINALS

GENERAL AVIATION; WHAT IS GENERAL AVIATION IS ALL CIVILIAN FLYING EXCEPT SCHEDULED PASSENGER AIRLINE SERVICE. GENERAL AVIATION INCLUDES FLYING AS DIVERSE AS OVERNIGHT PACKAGE DELIVERY AND A WEEKEND VISIT BACK HOME; AS DIFFERENT AS EMERGENCY MEDICAL EVACUATION AND INSPECTION TRIPS TO REMOTE CONSTRUCTION SITES; AS COMPLIMENTARY AS AERIAL APPLICATION TO KEEP CROPS HEALTHY AND AIRBORNE LAW ENFORCEMENT TO KEEP THE PEACE.

GENERAL AVIATION; WHAT IS GENERAL AVIATION BENEFITS THE COMMUNITY IN SO MANY WAYS, IT’S HARD TO COVER THEM ALL. WE SCAN A FEW OF THEM ON THE FOLLOWING PAGESA. N ESTIMATED 65% OF GENERAL AVIATION FLIGHTS ARE CONDUCTED FOR BUSINESS AND PUBLIC SERVICES THAT NEED TRANSPORTATION MORE FLEXIBLE THAN THE AIRLINES CAN OFFER. THAT FLEXIBILITY CAN BE A HOMETOWN BUSINESSMAN FLYING HIS OWN SMALL AIRPLANE TO SEE FOUR CLIENTS ON A ONE-DAY, 700 -MILE CIRCUIT, OR IT CAN BE A CEO AND FIVE STAFF MEMBERS WORKING AT 30, 000 FEET WHILE EN ROUTE TO A MAJOR MEETING. BY SCHEDULED AIRLINES, THE FIRST TRIP COULD TAKE UP TO FOUR DAYS AND THREE HOTEL BILLS; THE SECOND WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE.

GENERAL AVIATION; WHAT IS GENERAL AVIATION HAS AN EXCELLENT AND STEADILY IMPROVING SAFETY RECORD. SINCE THE BIG SURGE IN PRIVATE AND BUSINESS FLYING THAT FOLLOWEDWWII, THE TOTAL ACCIDENT RATE HAS DECREASED BY MORE THAN 85%—DOWN TO JUST SEVEN ACCIDENTS PER 100, 000 FLIGHT HOURS T. HE LATEST DATA SHOWS GENERAL AVIATION FLIES MORE THAN 20 MILLION HOURS EACH YEAR. MORE THAN 90% OF THE ROUGHLY 220, 000 CIVIL AIRCRAFT REGISTERED IN THE UNITED STATES ARE GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT. AND OF THE NATION’S APPROXIMATELY 600, 000 PILOTS, AN ESTIMATED 500, 000+ FLY GENERAL AVIATION AIRPLANES. INCIDENTALLY, MANY AIRLINE PILOTS ALSO FLY GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT—FOR PLEASURE!THE AIRCRAFT OWNERS AND PILOTS ASSOCIATION (AOPA) HAS NEARLY 400, 000 MEMBERS.

GENERAL AVIATION; WHAT IS A COMMON MISCONCEPTION LEADS SOME TO THINK OF PERSONAL OR SMALL BUSINESS AIRCRAFT AS ONLY FOR THE EXTREMELY WEALTHYI. N FACT, MANY PEOPLE OF MIDDLE CLASS MEANS FLY AIRPLANES LESS COSTLY TO ACQUIRE THAN A NEW FAMILY CAR.

GENERAL AVIATION; WHAT IS GENERAL AVIATION SERVE MANY AREAS AND HAS A MULTITUDE OF IMPORTANCE: • FOR BUSINESS & PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION, GENERAL AVIATION OFFERS SPEED & FLEXIBILITY • GENERAL AVIATION PROTECTS OUR ENVIRONMENT • GENERAL AVIATION MAKES YOUR DRIVING SAFER, SMOOTHER • GENERAL AVIATION WORKS WHILE YOU SLEEP • GENERAL AVIATION AIDS AGRICULTURE • GENERAL AVIATION FACILITATES LAW ENFORCEMENT • GENERAL AVIATION: THE PEOPLE’S AIR CARRIER

FOR BUSINESS & PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION, GENERAL AVIATION OFFERS SPEED & FLEXIBILITY MORE AND MORE PEOPLE ARE DISCOVERING THAT GENERAL AVIATION IS FAST, EFFICIENT, AND SAFE, OPENING A WHOLE NEW VISTA OF TRAVEL OPPORTUNITIES. FOR BOTH BUSINESS AND PERSONAL TRAVEL, GENERAL AVIATION MEANS GOING WHERE YOU WANT TO GO (NOT JUST WHERE THE AIRLINES GO) WHEN YOU WANT TO GO (FREE FROM AIRLINE SCHEDULES), AND IN A GREATER DEGREE OF PRIVACY. THE PAYOFF IS GREATER TRANSPORTATION FLEXIBILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY THAN ANY OTHER MODE OF TRAVEL CAN PROVIDE. BUT EVEN THOSE WHO NEVER SEIZE THESE ADVANTAGES BENEFIT, BECAUSE GENERAL AVIATION WORKS FOR THE COMMUNITY, BOLSTERING THE ECONOMY AND PROVIDING ESSENTIAL SERVICES.

GENERAL AVIATION PROTECTS OUR ENVIRONMENT THE MOST EFFICIENT AND COST EFFECTIVE WAY TO CONDUCT WILDLIFE SURVEYS, MAP WETLAND LOSSES AND SOIL EROSION, FOLLOW BIRD MIGRATIONS, PATROL PARKLANDS, AND DETECT PIPELINE SPILLS IS WITH GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT. SPECIALLY EQUIPPED GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE AIRCRAFT GATHER INFORMATION VITAL TO THE WORK OF WILDLIFE SPECIALISTS, PARK RANGERS, PROSPECTORS, ENVIRONMENTALISTS, AND MANY OTHERS. GENERAL AVIATION HAS LONG BEEN OUR FRONT LINE IN FIGHTING FOREST FIRES. HELICOPTER AND FIXED WING WATER BOMBERS SAVE MILLIONS OF ACRES OF WOODLANDS EACH YEAR, PROTECTING HOMES, NATIONAL PARKS, AND THE NATION’S PRECIOUS FORESTS

GENERAL AVIATION MAKES YOUR DRIVING SAFER, SMOOTHER AIRBORNE TRAFFIC REPORTERS BROADCASTING ON RADIO AND TELEVISION HELP MILLIONS OF AMERICANS IN THEIR DAILY COMMUTE, REPORTING ACCIDENTS AND OTHER TIE-UPS TO DRIVERS AND THE POLICE. ON A TRIP, YOU’LL USE MAPS DRAWN AND UPDATED FROM AERIAL PHOTO DATA. THAT BASIC INFORMATION IS ALSO USED BY URBAN PLANNERS, ENGINEERS, AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES TO PLAN STREET AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND OTHER INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS.

GENERAL AVIATION WORKS WHILE YOU SLEEP ALL NIGHT LONG, GENERAL AVIATION EXPEDITES FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS BY TRANSPORTING CANCELED CHECKS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS THROUGHOUT THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM. BY CUTTING DOWN THE COST OF “FLOAT” UNTIL CHECKS CLEAR, GENERAL AVIATION PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN BANKING AND COMMERCE. GENERAL AVIATION ALSO FLIES IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS AND OVERNIGHT PACKAGES ON THEIR WAY TO OFFICES, FACTORIES, AND INDIVIDUALS UNDER NEXT-DAY TIME PRESSURES. EXPRESS FREIGHT, LIKE VITAL MACHINE PARTS AND MAIL TO SMALL TOWNS, ALSO MOVE BY FAST AND FLEXIBLE GENERAL AVIATION TO THOUSANDS OF LOCATIONS WHERE THE MAJOR AIR CARRIERS DON’T FLY.

GENERAL AVIATION AIDS AGRICULTURE AG PILOTS TREAT MORE THAN 75 MILLION ACRES OF CROPLAND EACH YEAR, BOOSTING PRODUCTION OF THE NATION’S AGRICULTURAL BOUNTY. PLANTING, TOO, CAN OFTEN BE DONE MORE EFFICIENTLY BY AIR. NINETY-FIVE PERCENT OF THEU. S. RICE CROP IS PLANTED BY AIRCRAFT. RANCHERS USE GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT TO MANAGE HERDS AND GRAZING LAND. AGRICULTURE AND GENERAL AVIATION ARE LONGTIME PARTNERS IN PROGRESS.

GENERAL AVIATION FACILITATES LAW ENFORCEMENT GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED LAW ENFORCEMENT IN FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL JURISDICTIONS. POLICE USE LIGHT AIRPLANES AND HELICOPTERS TO PATROL HIGHWAYS, APPREHEND SUSPECTS, BACK UP GROUND UNITS, MONITOR NATIONAL BORDERS, AND LOCATE LOST CHILDREN. IN A SINGLE YEAR, FOR EXAMPLE, AIRBORNELOS ANGELES LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS RESPONDED TO MORE THAN 30, 000 INCIDENTS, AN AVERAGE OF 3. 8 PER HOUR. THE RESULT: 3, 500 ARRESTS, 1, 354 SUSPECTS SPOTTED, 747 STOLEN CARS RECOVERED, AND 205 RESIDENTIAL AND OTHER URBAN FIRES DISCOVERED T. HAT’S GOVERNMENT PRODUCTIVITY, MADE POSSIBLE BY GENERAL AVIATION.

GENERAL AVIATION: THE PEOPLE’S AIR CARRIER IF SCHEDULED AIRLINES ARE THE NATION’S AIR TRANSPORT ARTERIES, GENERAL AVIATION IS ITS EQUALLY IMPORTANT CAPILLARY SYSTEM. CHARTER AND AIR TAXI FLIGHTS CARRY PASSENGERS TO AND FROM SMALLER CITIES, THOUSANDS OF WHICH HAVE NO AIRLINE SERVICE. BUSINESS, CARGO, AND PERSONAL FLIGHTS REACH ANYWHERE, ANYTIME—ON THE TRAVELER’S OR SHIPPER’S SCHEDULE, NOT THE AIRLINE’S. ABOUT 75% OF MAJOR AIRLINE FLIGHTS OPERATE OUT OF JUST 46 BIG CITY AIRPORTS. SEVENTY PERCENT OF ALL AIRLINE PASSENGERS ARE MERELY SHUTTLED AMONG 30 HUB AIRPORTS. IN ALL, ONLY ABOUT 560 U. S. AIRPORTS ARE CERTIFIED FOR SCHEDULED AIRLINE SERVICE WITH AIRCRAFT SEATING MORE THAN 30 PASSENGERSB. UT GENERAL AVIATION CAN ACCESS ALL 19, 600 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LANDING FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES.

AIR TRANSPORT; WHAT IS AIR TRANSPORT IS AN AIRCRAFT DESIGN FOR TRANSPORTING PASSENGERS AND FREIGHT FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER IN THE AIR USING AIRPLANES, JETS, ROCKETS HELICOPTERS, AND DRONES. EACH OF THESE TYPE OF AIR TRANSPORT HAS A UNIQUE WAY OF ACHIEVING SPEED AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF IT VOYAGE, HOWEVER THERE ARE OTHER TYPES OF AIR TRANSPORT WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT BE USED FOR CONVEYING GOODS, BUT COULD BE USED FOR RECREATIONAL PURPOSES, THEY INCLUDE, HOT AIR BALLOONS, BLIMPS, GLIDERS, HANG GLIDING, PARACHUTING ETC

AIR TRANSPORT; WHAT IS AIRPLANES ARE CAPABLE OF CARRYING HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE FROM ON LOCATION TO ANOTHER AT A TIME; THE SEATING IS SOMETIMES DIVIDED INTO TWO OR FOUR CLASSES. FOR INSTANCE, MOST DOMESTIC FLIGHTS USUALLY HAVE TWO CLASSES WHICH ARE: FIRST CLASS AND ECONOMY CLASS. WHILE INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS MAY HAVE UP TO FOUR CLASSES SUCH ASFIRST CLASS, CLUB CLASS, BUSINESS CLASS, PREMIUM ECONOMY AND ECONOMY CLASS.

AIR TRANSPORT; ADVANTAGES 1. AIR TRANSPORT IS A FAST AND EFFICIENT SYSTEM WHICH IS ESPECIALLY SUITED TO PASSENGER TRAFFIC, OFFERING COMFORT AND HIGH QUALITY SERVICE; TODAY LONG DISTANCE PASSENGER MOVEMENTS ARE MADE ALMOST ENTIRELY DUE TO AIR TRANSPORT. 2. AIR TRANSPORT INVOLVES THE USE OF DIRECT ROUTES. 3. IT IS SUITED TO HIGH QUALITY, EXPENSIVE AND PERISHABLE CARGOES FOR WHICH SPEED IS ESSENTIAL; AIRCRAFT MAY ALSO CARRY FREIGHT TOO SMALL TO INTEREST THE PROVIDERS OF OTHER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS. 4. IT CAN OFTEN REACH AREAS INACCESSIBLE TO OTHER MODES OF TRANSPORTF. OR INSTANCE, AREAS OF IN HOSPITABLE ENVIRONMENT SUCH ASCENTRAL BRAZIL AND NORTHERN CANADA. 5. IT OFFERS COMPLETE FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND THIS PROVIDES POTENTIALLY FLEXIBLE ROUTES AND SERVICES (ALTHOUGH MOST AIR MOVEMENTS ARE CHANNELED ALONG STRICT ROUTES AND POLITICAL FACTORS MAY RESTRICT BOTH LANDING AND FLIGHT PATHS).

AIR TRANSPORT; DISADVANTAGES 1. AIR TRANSPORT IS VERY EXPENSIVE AND AS A RESULT OF THIS, IT DISQUALIFIES ALL HEAVY, BULKY OR LOW-VALUE CARGOES. 2. AIRCRAFT ARE EXPENSIVE TO BUILD AND OPERATE; IT REQUIRES ELABORATE PROVISIONS IN THE FORM OF AIRPORT FACILITIES, CONTROLLING SYSTEMS AND MAINTENANCE. 3. IT DEPENDS ON WEATHER CONDITIONS AND THEREFORE CAN PROVIDE AND UNRELIABLE SERVICES. 4. AS AIRCRAFT BECOMES LARGER, THE NUMBER OF AIRPORTS CAPABLE OF BEING USED IS DECLINING. THIS REDUCES FLEXIBILITY. THERE IS A GROWING DIFFICULTY OF FINDING SUITABLE SITES FOR AIRPORT BUILDING AS WELL. 5. SOME AIRPORTS ARE FAR AWAY FROM URBAN CENTERS AND THIS OFFSETS THE ADVANTAGE OF SPEED AND CONVENIENCE. 6. IT OFFERS NO ACCESS BETWEEN TERMINI AND THEREFORE MINIMUM POTENTIAL FOR INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY. 7. AIRPORTS USE UP VALUABLE LAND AIRCRAFT CAUSE A LOT OF NOISE AND AIR POLLUTION.

AIR TRANSPORT; DEVELOPMENT AIR TRANSPORT IS THE NEWEST MEANS OF TRANSPORT; THIS MEANS OF TRANSPORT WAS INTRODUCED IN 1903 BUT DEVELOPED INTO FULL MEANS OF TRANSPORTING PEOPLE AND FREIGHTS IN THE 1930 ST. HE GREATEST OF AIR TRANSPORTATION STARTED AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR (WW 11). THIS MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION CAN BE USED FOR BOTH DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS. TH OF ALL TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT OF THE 20 CENTURY, THOSE IN AIR TRANSPORT HAVE BEEN THE MOST STRIKING ONES. WHO WOULD HAVE THOUGHT THAT WHEN THE WRIGHT BROTHERS MADE THEIR HISTORIC FLIGHT IN 1903, THAT AIRCRAFT WOULD BECOME ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MEANS OF PASSENGERS TRANSPORT WITHIN JUST THREE GENERATIONS? IMPROVEMENTS HAVE INDEED BEEN RAPID: JET ENGINES REPLACED PROPELLERS, RADAR WAS INTRODUCED, THE SIZE OF AIRCRAFT HAS GROWN TO JUMBO PROPORTIONS; SUPERSONIC SPEEDS HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED AND VERTICAL TAKE-OFF IS NOW POSSIBLE.

AIR TRANSPORT; DEVELOPMENT TODAY, ACROSS THE WORLD, AIR TRANSPORT IS USED EXTENSIVELY BOTH FOR PASSENGERS AND FREIGHT. BROADLY, THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SERVICES: THOSE OPERATING FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES ON AND AD HOC BASIS AND THOSE OPERATING ON REGULAR SCHEDULESI. NTO THE FIRST CATEGORY, YOU WILL HAVE THE FLIGHTS. F ( OR EXAMPLE, THOSE FOR TOURIST IN SUMMER AND FOR MINERAL DEPOSITS BETWEEN INACCESSIBLE MINES AND INDUSTRIAL REGIONS), HOWEVER, INTO THE LATTER CATEGORY WOULD COME THOSE SERVICES RUN BYBRITISH AIRWAYS AND THE OTHER WORLD AIRLINES. INCREASINGLY, THE ROUTES OF BOTH TYPES RADIATE FROM THE DEVELOPED REGIONS AND ESPECIALLY FROM THE GREAT CAPITAL CITIES AND INDUSTRIAL CENTRES OF THE WORLDW. HENEVER POSSIBLE THEY MARK THE SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN PLACES AND THUS USE THE GREAT CIRCLE ROUTES TO ECONOMIZE BOTH TIME AND FUEL. MANY CITIES INCLUDING LONDON, NEW YORK, CAIRO AND BANGKOK POSSESS MAJOR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS AND MANY OTHERS ARE DEVELOPING THEIR OWN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT FACILITIES. IN LOW AREAS, WHERE THERE IS DIFFICULT TERRAIN, AIR TRANSPORT PROVIDES THE ONLY COMMUNICATION POSSIBLE AND ASSUMES A CORRESPONDINGLY GREATER SIGNIFICANCE.

AIR TRANSPORT; TYPES THERE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIR TRANSPORTATION AVAILABLE THAT ARE COMMERCIAL AS WELL AS PRIVATE. WHILE THERE ARE SOME TYPES THAT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED OVER THE COURSE OF DECADES OR EVEN CENTURIES TO MEET THE NEEDS OF MODERN HUMANS. HOWEVER, EACH TYPE OF AIR TRANSPORT IS UNIQUE IN THE WAY IT ACHIEVES FLIGHT, THE SPEED IT TRAVELS AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ITS VOYAGEF. URTHER, SOME ARE DEVELOPED INTO LARGE-SCALE INDUSTRIES. WHILE SOME METHODS ARE STILL IN THEIR INFANCY OR THEY REPRESENT A SMALL NICHE WITHIN THE WORLD OF FLIGHT.

AIR TRANSPORT; TYPES THERE ARE FOUR (4) MAIN TYPES OF AIR TRANSPORT AND AIRLINES: • SCHEDULED CARRIERS • NONSCHEDULED • LOW COST AIRLINES • CHARTER AIRLINES

SCHEDULED CARRIERS SCHEDULED AIR SERVICE IS A SERIES OF FLIGHTS WHERE EACH FLIGHT IS UNDERTAKEN WITH AIRCRAFT FOR THE CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS, CARGO OR MAIL POSSESSING ALL THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS: ON EACH FLIGHT SEATS AND/OR CAPACITY TO TRANSPORT CARGO AND/OR MAIL ARE AVAILABLE FOR INDIVIDUAL PURCHASE BY THE PUBLIC (EITHER DIRECTLY FROM THE AIR CARRIER OR FROM ITS AUTHORIZED AGENTS); IT IS OPERATED SO AS TO SERVE TRAFFIC BETWEEN THE SAME TWO OR MORE AIRPORTS, EITHER ACCORDING TO A PUBLISHED TIMETABLE OR WITH FLIGHTS SO REGULAR OR FREQUENT THAT THEY CONSTITUTE A RECOGNIZABLY SYSTEMATIC SERIES. A FULL SERVICE AIRLINE TYPICALLY OFFERS PASSENGERS IN FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT, CHECKED BAGGAGE, MEALS, BEVERAGES AND COMFORTS SUCH AS BLANKETS AND PILLOWS IN THE TICKET PRICE. THE SEATS GENERALLY HAVE MORE RECLINE THAN A LOW COST CARRIER AS WELL AS MORE LEG ROOM. FULL SERVICE AIRLINES OFFER PASSENGERS THE CHOICE OF ECONOMY OR BUSINESS CLASS TRAVEL AND ON SOME FLIGHTS PREMIUM ECONOMY AND FIRST CLASS.

SCHEDULED CARRIERS THE MAIN DISADVANTAGE IS THE PRICE. IN COMPARISON WITH THE LOW COST AIRLINES YOU HAVE TO PAY MUCH MORE IN GENERAL. HOWEVER, THE LEVEL OF COMFORT IS MUCH HIGHER AND YOU DON'T HAVE TO PAY ALL THE HIDDEN FEES. ANOTHER ADVANTAGE IS THAT MANY SCHEDULED AIRLINES OPERATE WORLDWIDE OR AT LEAST THEY OFFER LONG HAUL DESTINATIONS. IT IS NOT RARE THAT THEY ARE CODE SHARED WITH OTHER AIRLINES. THIS ENABLES PASSENGERS TO SIMPLY BOOK FLIGHTS TO WHATEVER DESTINATION THEY WANT.

EXAMPLES • CONTINENTAL AIRLINES • DELTA AIR LINES • LUFTHANSA • IBERIA • CATHAY PACIFIC AIR • AIR CHINA • AMERICAN AIRLINES • JETBLUE

HOW AIRLINES SCHEDULE FLIGHTS

NON SCHEDULED IN THE US, THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT IS ALWAYS ALIVE IF THERE. IS A LOOPHOLE IN THE LAW, SOMEONE WILL FIND IT, AND, IF THERE IS A WAY OF DOING BUSINESS THAT SKIRTS REGULATIONS, IT WILL BE TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF. THE CAB BESTOWED EACH OF THE REGULATED AIR CARRIERS WITH CERTIFICATE A OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY, A PRIZED CREDENTIAL THAT ENSURED THE COMPANY’S PLACE INAMERICA’S AIRLINE NETWORK. THE CERTIFICATES WERE AWARDED ONLY TO COMPANIES THAT PROVED THEMSELVES ‘FIT, WILLING AND ABLE’ TO BE PART OF AMERICA’S SCHEDULED AIRLINE NETWORK. BUT WHEN THE BOARD LAID DOWN THE RULES FOR ISSUING THESE CERTIFICATES, IT WISELY REALIZED THERE WAS ALSO A NEED FOR ADDITIONAL AIR CARRIERS, ONES WITH LIMITED OPERATIONS THAT WOULD HAVE MORE FLEXIBILITY TO FILL IN THE BLANKS LEFT BY THE CERTIFICATED AIRLINEST. HE BOARD’S VISION WAS ONE OF FIXED BASE OPERATORS (FBO’S) AND SMALL COMPANIES WITH ONE OR TWO LIGHT AIRCRAFT THAT COULD OFFER CHARTER OR OCCASIONAL SERVICES IN MARKETS NOT REACHED BY THE CERTIFICATED CARRIERS. THE CAB WOULD GRANT EXEMPTIONS TO COMPANIES THE ROLE OF WHICH WAS TO OFFER THESE IRREGULAR, INFREQUENT SERVICES. A LOOPHOLE WAS BORN.

NON SCHEDULED DOZENS OF OPPORTUNISTS JUMPED THROUGH THE LOOPHOLE. THE ONLY REQUIREMENT WAS THAT THE SERVICE OFFERED BETWEEN AIRPORTS BE INFREQUENT AND IRREGULAR—IN OTHER WORDS, NON-SCHEDULED. THE NON-SCHEDULED AIRLINE PHENOMENON ATTRACTED LOTS OF ATTENTION AMONG THOSE IN THE FIELD OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION, AND THECIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD FOUND THAT IT HAD AN UNANTICIPATED PROBLEM ON ITS HANDS. IT HADN’T MEANT TO CREATE AN OPENING FOR UNREGULATED AIRLINES, BUT HERE WERE FORMER SERVICEMEN FILLING A NEED THAT THE OVERBURDENED SCHEDULED AIRLINES COULD NOT MEET. CUSTOMERS WERE PATRONIZING THE NONSKEDS. SOON THE SCHEDULED CARRIERS DEMANDED THAT SOMETHING BE DONE TO KEEP THESE INTERLOPERS OFF THEIR TURF. THE CAB HAD BEEN CREATED TO BRING ORDER OUT OF CHAOS NOW. CHAOS WAS OPERATING ALONGSIDE ORDER.

NON SCHEDULED THE CAB’S FIRST ATTEMPT TO PUT SOME STRUCTURE IN THE SITUATION WAS TO RECOGNIZE THE EXISTENCE OF THIS NEW BREED OF AIR CARRIER AND SEPARATE THEM FROM THE SMALLER OUTFITS THAT WERE OPERATING UNDER THE INTENT OF THE 1938 RULE IN. 1946, ALL COMPANIES EMPLOYING LARGE TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT IN IRREGULAR SERVICE WERE INFORMED THEY WOULD BE SUBJECTED TO A SAFETY INSPECTION IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A LETTER OF REGISTRATION IDENTIFYING THEM AS AN APPROVED LARGE IRREGULAR CARRIER. THE LETTER OF REGISTRATION WAS NOT THECERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY ISSUED TO THE SCHEDULED AIRLINES, BUT A DOCUMENT VERIFYING THAT THE COMPANY WAS REGISTERED WITH THE CAB AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH SAFETY REGULATIONS THE. CIVIL AERONAUTICS ADMINISTRATION (CAA), FORERUNNER TO THE FAA, INITIATED THE CARRIER EXAMINATIONS BUT DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH INSPECTORS TO ACCOMPLISH THE JOB QUICKLY. MEANWHILE, THE NON-SKEDS THAT WERE ALREADY OPERATING INAUGUST 1946 WERE ALLOWED TO CONTINUE OPERATING UNTIL THE CAA COULD GET AROUND TO INSPECTING THEM.

NON SCHEDULED THE NON-SKEDS’ OPERATIONS WERE PRIMARILY MEANT TO BE CHARTER FLIGHTSA. IRCRAFT WERE OFTEN ‘CHARTERED’ BY A TRAVEL AGENCY, OWNED BY OR ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARRIERS THEMSELVES, TO OFFER FLIGHTS BETWEEN DESIGNATED POINTS. THE ‘AGENCY’ WOULD ADVERTISE FLIGHTS TO DISTANT DESTINATIONS IN LOCAL NEWSPAPERS FOR PRICES THAT UNDERCUT THOSE OF THE SCHEDULED AIRLINES. THESE OSTENSIBLY CHARTER FLIGHTS LOOKED THE CAB ALSO ALLOWED A HIGHLY RESTRICTED, LIMITED NUMBER OF SEATS TO BE OFFERED VIA REGULAR SALE TO THE PUBLIC. THE BOARD’S HOPE WAS THAT THE PROBLEM OF THE NON-SKEDS WOULD RESOLVE ITSELF AS THEY FOUND THEIR NICHE, WHICH, HOPEFULLY, WOULD NOT INFRINGE UPON THE BUSINESS OF THE CERTIFICATED CARRIERS. BUT THE OPERATORS OF THE IRREGULAR AIRLINES KNEW WHERE THE TRAFFIC WAS AND THEY PLACED THEIR AIRCRAFT INTO OPERATION BETWEEN NEW YORK AND THE WEST COAST VIA CHICAGO AND OTHER MAJOR CITIES; BETWEEN NEW YORK AND MIAMI; AND FROM THE MAINLANDUS ACROSS THEATLANTIC TO SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO, AND EVENTUALLY ACROSS THEPACIFIC TO HONOLULU, HAWAII. MORE LIKE SCHEDULED SERVICES.

NON SCHEDULED THE GENERAL IMPRESSION WAS THAT, FOR MUCH OF THEIR CUSTOM, THE LARGE IRREGULAR CARRIERS WERE LIKE AIRBORNE JITNEYS OR TRAMP STEAMERS, FLYING AROUND THE COUNTRY AND PICKING UP PASSENGERS AND FREIGHT WHEREVER THEY COULD FIND THE BUSINESST. HIS WAS CERTAINLY TRUE OF THEIR TRANSPORT OF SEASONAL WORKERS TO AND FROMALASKA EACH YEAR IN SUPPORT OF THE FISHING AND CANNING INDUSTRIES. BECAUSE THEY OPERATED AROUND THE CLOCK, GENERATING REVENUE WHEREVER AND WHENEVER THEY COULD, AND BECAUSE SOME OF THE FINANCIALLY STRAPPED OPERATORS OFTEN ARRANGED THEIR ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE FROM AIRPORTS FOR THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT, WHEN NO ONE WOULD BE AROUND TO COLLECT LANDING FEES, THE UNFLATTERING SOBRIQUET ‘FLY-BY-NIGHTS’ WAS APPLIED TO THE WHOLE CLASS. IT IMPLIED THAT THESE WERE COMPANIES THAT MIGHT BE HERE TODAY BUT GONE TOMORROW.

NON SCHEDULED MANY OF THEM DID OPERATE LIKE THAT. BUT OTHERS WERE PROFESSIONAL, WELL-RUN ORGANIZATIONS TRYING TO DO A GOOD JOB OF TAKING UP THE SLACK WHERE THE SCHEDULED AIRLINES LEFT OFF. THEY OPERATED WITH SELF-IMPOSED STRICT RULES FOR THEIR EMPLOYEES AND CREWS AND FOLLOWED GOOD BUSINESS PRINCIPLES, BECOMING WELL-RESPECTED ENTERPRISES ADMIRED BY THEIR CUSTOMERS AND THE PUBLIC IN GENERAL. FROM THE CAB’S PERSPECTIVE, IT WAS BECOMING INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT TO SEE THE VALUE OF THE LARGE IRREGULAR CARRIERS, ASIDE FROM THE EXCESS LIFT THEY ADDED TO THE SERVICE ALREADY OFFERED BY THE SCHEDULED AIRLINES. THE CERTIFICATED AIRLINES THEMSELVES WERE MAKING IT QUITE CLEAR THAT THEY WOULD BE HAPPY TO SEE THE NONSCHEDULED CARRIERS DISAPPEAR ALTOGETHER.

NON SCHEDULED THE NON-SKEDS ATTRACTED CUSTOMERS BY OFFERING TRANSPORTATION AT SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER FARES. THEIR AIRCRAFT WERE OUTFITTED WITH AUSTERE INTERIORS AND WITH FEW AMENITIES, SO THE IRREGULARS BORROWED A TERM FROM THE RAILROADS, WHICH OFFERED A LESS EXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVE TO FIRST CLASS SLEEPING CAR ACCOMMODATIONS IN CHAIR CARS, OR ‘COACHESA ’. LSO EVOKING THE IMAGE OF BUS OR ‘MOTOR COACH’ TRAVEL, USUALLY THE LEAST EXPENSIVE FORM OF COMMERCIAL PASSENGER TRANSPORT IN ANY MARKET, SOME OF THE NON-SCHEDULED CARRIERS BEGAN REFERRING TO THEIR LOW-PRICED SERVICE AS ‘AIR COACH’ OPERATIONST. HE TERM IMPLIED A MORE FRUGAL WAY TO FLY—AND THE COACH CONCEPT CAUGHT ON. SEEING THE BENEFITS THAT THE NON-SCHEDULED AIRLINES WERE PROVIDING BY QUICKLY MOVING LARGE VOLUMES OF FREIGHT BY AIR, THECAB BECAME KEENLY INTERESTED IN THE POSSIBILITY OF A REGULATED AIR FREIGHT SERVICE. SEVERAL OF THE ALL-CARGO LARGE IRREGULAR CARRIERS APPLIED FOR CERTIFICATES TO PROVIDE SCHEDULED AIR FREIGHT SERVICET. HE BOARD DECIDED TO TAKE A CHANCE, AND ISSUED TEMPORARY CERTIFICATES TO CARGO CARRIERSSLICK AIRWAYS, US AIR LINES, AND FLYING TIGER LINE.

LOW COST AIRLINE A LOW-COST CARRIER OR LOW-COST AIRLINE IS AN AIRLINE WITHOUT MOST OF THE TRADITIONAL SERVICES PROVIDED IN THE FARE, RESULTING IN LOWER FARES AND FEWER COMFORTS. TO MAKE UP FOR REVENUE LOST IN DECREASED TICKET PRICES, THE AIRLINE MAY CHARGE FOR EXTRAS SUCH AS FOOD, PRIORITY BOARDING, SEAT ALLOCATING, AND BAGGAGE.

AVIATION REGULATORY BODIES REGULATION IS THE GIVING OF AUTHORITATIVE DIRECTION TO BRING ABOUT AND MAINTAIN A DESIRED DEGREE OF ORDER. ALL REGULATION INVOLVES REGULATORY PROCESS, VARIOUS PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY BY PEOPLE INTERACTING TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN SOME DESIRED RESULT FOR THE SUBJECT OR ENTITIES BEING REGULATED. SIMILARLY, ALL REGULATION INVOLVES REGULATORY STRUCTURE, I. E. THE ORGANIZATIONS OR OTHER ENTITIES INVOLVED AND THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK (SUCH AS LICENCES, REGULATIONS AND AGREEMENTS). THE AIRLINE DEREGULATION ACT OF 1978, NOREUROPE’S EFFORTS TO LIBERALIZE COMMERCIAL AVIATION FOR TRAVEL WITHIN ITS MEMBER STATES, ARE A TOTAL ABOLISHMENT OF REGULATIONS. OPERATIONS AND SAFETY STANDARDS ARE STILL CLOSELY REGULATED AND AIRLINES ARE SUBJECT TO THE SAME MARKETING AND ADVERTISING LAWS AS OTHER BUSINESSES, AND IN MANY CASES HAVE MORE INTENSE REGULATION. IN 2017, BRITISH AIRWAYS STRANDED TENS OF THOUSANDS IF NOT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF PASSENGERS, REFLECTS ON SOME AREAS WHERE THE EU AND THE U. S. GOVERNMENTS SHOULD LOOK AT MORE REGULATION.

AVIATION REGULATORY BODIES ICAO’S PRIMARY ROLE IS TO PROVIDE A SET OF STANDARDS WHICH WILL HELP REGULATE AVIATION ACROSS THE WORLD. IT CLASSIFIES THE PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION, AS WELL AS THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT TO ENSURE SAFETY AND SECURITY. THE INTERNATIONAL AVIATION STANDARDS WERE PROVIDED TO THE 191 MEMBER STATES OF ICAO AROUND THE GLOBE THROUGH A GLOBAL FORUM IN WHICH THE MEMBER STATES ARE EXPECTED TO ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT THESE STANDARDS. HOWEVER, THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION (ICAO) ONLY PROVIDES THE FUNDAMENTAL GUIDELINES ORSARPS (STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES). THE EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY (EASA) IS AN AGENCY OF THEEUROPEAN UNION ESTABLISHED IN 2002 BY REGULATION (EC) NO 216/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL IN ORDER TO ENSURE A HIGH AND UNIFORM LEVEL OF SAFETY IN CIVIL AVIATION, BY THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMON SAFETY RULES AND MEASURES. EASA IS AUTHORISED TO CONDUCT THE INVESTIGATIONS REQUIRED IN ORDER TO ISSUE THE RELEVANT CERTIFICATES AND ENSURE CONTINUED SAFETY OVERSIGHT.

AVIATION REGULATORY BODIES THE AGENCY’S RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDE: • EXPERT ADVICE TO THE EU ON THE DRAFTING NEW LEGISLATION; • DEVELOPING, IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING SAFETY RULES, INCLUDING INSPECTIONS IN THEMEMBER STATES; • TYPE-CERTIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT AND COMPONENTS, AS WELL AS THE APPROVAL OF ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN, MANUFACTURE AND MAINTENANCE OF AERONAUTICAL PRODUCTS; • CERTIFICATION OF PERSONNEL AND ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN THE OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT; • CERTIFICATION OF ORGANISATIONS PROVIDING PAN-EUROPEAN ATM/ANS CERVICES; • CERTIFICATION OF ORGANISATIONS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE TERRITORY SUBJECT TO THEEC LAW AND RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING ATM/ANS SERVICES ORATCO TRAINING IN THE MEMBER STATES WHERE EC LAW APPLIES; • AUTHORISATION OF THIRD-COUNTRY (NONEU) OPERATORS; • SAFETY ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH, INCLUDING PUBLICATION OF ANANNUAL SAFETY REVIEW.

AVIATION REGULATORY BODIES THE CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY (CAA) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGULATION OF AVIATION SAFETY IN THE UK, DETERMINING POLICY FOR THE USE OF AIRSPACE, THE ECONOMIC REGULATION OF HEATHROW, GATWICK AND STANSTED AIRPORTS, THE LICENSING AND FINANCIAL FITNESS OF AIRLINES AND THE MANAGEMENT OF THEATOL FINANCIAL PROTECTION SCHEME FOR HOLIDAYMAKERS. THE CAA HAS AN IMPORTANT ONGOING ROLE IN IMPROVING AVIATION SAFETY STANDARDS IT. CONSTANTLY ATTEMPTS TO BRING ABOUT LASTING IMPROVEMENTS IN AVIATION SYSTEMS, THE CULTURE OF AVIATION, ITS CAPABILITIES, AND ANY PROCESSES THAT ARE CARRIED OUTIT. ALSO TRIES TO MEET CERTAIN STANDARDS AS AN ORGANISATION, AIMING TO REMAIN EFFICIENT AS WELL AS EFFECTIVE. ON BEHALF OF PASSENGERS, THECAA PROMOTES COMPETITION WITH THE AIM OF PROVIDING BETTER VALUE FLIGHTS, MORE OPTIONS AND PROTECTION FROM RISKA. NOTHER ROLE OF THE CAA IS TO REDUCE THE EFFECT THAT THE AVIATION INDUSTRY HAS ON THE ENVIRONMENTA. SUBSIDIARY COMPANY, KNOWN AS CAA INTERNATIONAL, PROVIDES TECHNICAL ADVICE WORLDWIDE COVERING A VARIETY OF AVIATION ACTIVITIES, AS WELL AS TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION, SAFETY STANDARDS,

TRADE ASSOCIATIONS A TRADE ASSOCIATION, ALSO KNOWN AS AN INDUSTRY TRADE GROUP, BUSINESS ASSOCIATION, SECTOR ASSOCIATION OR INDUSTRY BODY, IS AN ORGANIZATION FOUNDED AND FUNDED BY BUSINESSES THAT OPERATE IN A SPECIFIC INDUSTRY. AN INDUSTRY TRADE ASSOCIATION PARTICIPATES IN PUBLIC RELATIONS ACTIVITIES SUCH AS ADVERTISING, EDUCATION, POLITICAL DONATIONS, LOBBYING AND PUBLISHING, BUT ITS FOCUS IS COLLABORATION BETWEEN COMPANIES. ASSOCIATIONS MAY OFFER OTHER SERVICES, SUCH AS PRODUCING CONFERENCES, NETWORKING OR CHARITABLE EVENTS OR OFFERING CLASSES OR EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS. MANY ASSOCIATIONS ARE NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS GOVERNED BY BYLAWS AND DIRECTED BY OFFICERS WHO ARE ALSO MEMBERS.

TRADE ASSOCIATIONS ALMOST ALL TRADE ASSOCIATIONS ARE HEAVILY INVOLVED IN PUBLISHING ACTIVITIES IN PRINT AND ONLINET. HE MAIN MEDIA PUBLISHED BY TRADE ASSOCIATIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS: QASSOCIATION WEBSITE. THE ASSOCIATION'S CORPORATE WEBSITE TYPICALLY EXPLAINS THE ASSOCIATION'S AIMS AND OBJECTIVES, PROMOTES THE ASSOCIATION'S PRODUCTS AND SERVICES, EXPLAINS THE BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP TO PROSPECTIVE MEMBERS, AND PROMOTES MEMBERS' BUSINESSES (FOR EXAMPLE, BY MEANS OF AN ONLINE LISTING OF MEMBERS AND DESCRIPTION OF THEIR BUSINESSES). QMEMBERS NEWSLETTERS OR MAGAZINES. WHETHER PRODUCED IN PRINT OR ONLINE, ASSOCIATION NEWSLETTERS AND MAGAZINES CONTAIN NEWS ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ASSOCIATION, INDUSTRY NEWS AND EDITORIAL FEATURES ON TOPICAL ISSUES. SOME ARE EXCLUSIVELY DISTRIBUTED TO MEMBERS, WHILE OTHERS ARE USED TO LOBBY LAWMAKERS AND REGULATORS, AND SOME ARE USED TO PROMOTE MEMBERS' BUSINESSES TO POTENTIAL NEW CUSTOMERS. QPRINTED MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORIES AND YEARBOOKS. LARGER TRADE ASSOCIATIONS PUBLISH MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORIES AND YEARBOOKS TO PROMOTE THEIR ASSOCIATION TO OPINION FORMERS, LAWMAKERS, REGULATORS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS. SUCH PUBLICATIONS ALSO HELP TO PROMOTE MEMBERS' BUSINESSES BOTH TO EACH OTHER AND TO A WIDER AUDIENCE. A TYPICAL MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY CONTAINS PROFILES OF EACH ASSOCIATION MEMBER, A PRODUCTS AND SERVICES GUIDE, ADVERTISING FROM MEMBERS, AND EDITORIAL ARTICLES ABOUT THE AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE ASSOCIATION. THE EMPHASIS OF ASSOCIATION YEARBOOKS ON THE OTHER HAND IS ON EDITORIAL FEATURES ABOUT THE ASSOCIATION ITSELF AND THE ASSOCIATION'S INDUSTRY. THE OPPORTUNITY TO BE PROMOTED IN SUCH MEDIA (WHETHER BY EDITORIAL OR ADVERTISING) IS OFTEN AN IMPORTANT REASON WHY COMPANIES JOIN A TRADE ASSOCIATION IN THE FIRST PLACE.

TRADE ASSOCIATIONS INDUSTRY TRADE GROUPS SOMETIMES PRODUCE ADVERTISEMENTS, JUST AS NORMAL CORPORATIONS DO. HOWEVER, WHEREAS TYPICAL ADVERTISEMENTS ARE FOR A SPECIFIC CORPORATE PRODUCT, SUCH AS A SPECIFIC BRAND OF CHEESE OR TOILET PAPER, INDUSTRY TRADE GROUPS ADVERTISEMENTS GENERALLY ARE TARGETED TO PROMOTE THE VIEWS OF AN ENTIRE INDUSTRY. ADS TO IMPROVE INDUSTRY IMAGE THESE ADS MENTION ONLY THE INDUSTRY'S PRODUCTS AS A WHOLE, PAINTING THEM IN A POSITIVE LIGHT IN ORDER TO HAVE THE PUBLIC FORM POSITIVE ASSOCIATIONS WITH THAT INDUSTRY AND ITS PRODUCTS. FOR EXAMPLE, IN THEUSA THE ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNB"EEF. IT'S WHAT'S FOR DINNER" IS USED BY THE NATIONAL CATTLEMEN'S BEEF ASSOCIATION TO PROMOTE A POSITIVE IMAGE OF BEEF IN THE PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS. ADS TO SHAPE OPINION ON A SPECIFIC ISSUE THESE ARE ADVERTS TARGETED AT SPECIFIC ISSUES. FOR EXAMPLE, IN THEUSA IN THE EARLY 2000 S THE MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA (MPAA) BEGAN RUNNING ADVERTISEMENTS BEFORE FILMS THAT ADVOCATE AGAINST MOVIE PIRACY OVER THEINTERNET.

TRADE ASSOCIATIONS FUNCTIONS OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF A TRADE ASSOCIATION ARE: EDUCATING MEMBERS SO AS TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY. PREVENTING CUT-THROAT OR UNFAIR COMPETITION. PROMOTING AND EXTENDING TRADE THROUGH ‘LEGISLATIVE WORK’.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE OTHER FUNCTIONS OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS: 1. To provide market information to members with regard to customer preferences, expectations, market opportunities etc. 2. Providing information relating to emerging business opportunities. 3. Rendering advice on technical matters and legal issues. 4. To secure cooperation and coordination among members. 5. To serve as a forum where members can settle their disputes. 6. Ensuring that members do not indulge in unfair trade practices. 7. Providing references with regard to the reputation and credit worthiness of members. 8. Undertaking advertisements to promote the industry. 9. To prescribe code of ethics with a view to promote ethical behavior. 10. To represent members grievances to the government and seek redressal. 12. To conduct market research and provide information to member. 13. To send representatives to serve on various committees and boards set up by the government. 11. Conduct seminars or workshops on new legislation, the budget, international business developments etc. ,

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA) IATA, (INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION) IS A TRADE BODY OF THE WORLD’S AIRLINES. THERE ARE OVER 290 PARTICIPATING CARRIERS ACROSS 100+ COUNTRIES C. OLLECTIVELY, IATA CARRIERS REPRESENT OVER 85% OF THE WORLD'S PROCESSED AIRLINE REVENUE H. EADQUARTERED IN MONTREAL, IATA HAVE KEY OFFICES AROUND THE WORLD THEY. ACT AS A COLLECTIVE BODY IN ESTABLISHING FOUNDATION AIRFARES, WHEREBY ANY AIRLINE'S TARIFF DEPARTMENT MAY OBTAIN THE PUBLISHED FARE OF ANOTHER CARRIER. IATA PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CREATION OF ESSENTIAL TRAINING AND VALIDATION MATERIALS FOR AIRLINES AND TRAVEL AGENCIES, FOR THE SAFE-KEEPING, PROCESSING, AND MANAGEMENT OF REVENUE DISTRIBUTION, DANGEROUS GOODS TRANSPORT TRAINING, AND AIR SAFETY FOR BOTH THE INDUSTRY AND PASSENGERS. ONE OF IATA'S KEY ROLES IS THROUGH REPRESENTATION OF AIRLINE'S COMMON INTERESTS IN FAR-REACHING COUNTRIES, WHEREIATA CAN OFTEN SERVE AS AN ADJUDICATOR THROUGH ARBITRATION SERVICES.

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA) IN ADDITION TO THE SAFETY OF PERSONS AND GOODS, THEIATA TOO PROVIDES BENEFITS TO ALL PARTIES INVOLVED AND THIS IS CLEARLY STATED IN ITS WEBSITE: “FOR THE BENEFIT FOR ALL PARTIES INVOLVED: • FOR CONSUMERS, IATA SIMPLIFIES THE TRAVEL AND SHIPPING PROCESSES, WHILE KEEPING COSTS DOWN PASSENGERS. CAN MAKE ONE TELEPHONE CALL TO RESERVE A TICKET, PAY IN ONE CURRENCY AND THEN USE THE TICKET ON SEVERAL AIRLINES IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES. • IATA ALLOWSAIRLINES TO OPERATE SAFELY, SECURELY, EFFICIENTLY AND ECONOMICALLY UNDER CLEARLY DEFINED RULES. • IATA SERVES AS AN INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN AIRLINES AND PASSENGER AS WELL ASCARGO AGENTS VIA NEUTRALLY APPLIED AGENCY SERVICE STANDARDS AND CENTRALIZED FINANCIAL SYSTEMS. • A LARGE NETWORK OF INDUSTRY SUPPLIERS AND SERVICE PROVIDERS GATHERED BY IATA PROVIDES SOLID EXPERTISE TO AIRLINES IN A VARIETY OF INDUSTRY SOLUTIONS. • FOR GOVERNMENTS, IATA SEEKS TO ENSURE THEY ARE WELL INFORMED ABOUT THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE AVIATION INDUSTRY TO ENSURE BETTER, LONG-TERM DECISIONS. ” AS A GOOD REGULATOR, THE IATA INVOLVES ALL PARTIES IN ALL ITS OPERATIONS IN THIS. WAY CONSUMERS, AIRLINES, INDUSTRY SUPPLIERS, SERVICE PROVIDERS, AND GOVERNMENTS CAN ENJOY MANY BENEFITS. ALL THIS ENSURES THAT THERE IS HARMONY IN ALL AIR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS.

AIRPORTS COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL (ACI) IS THE ONLY GLOBAL TRADE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE WORLD'S AIRPORT AUTHORITIES. ESTABLISHED IN 1991, ACI REPRESENTS AIRPORTS' INTERESTS WITH GOVERNMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, DEVELOPS STANDARDS, POLICIES AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR AIRPORTS, AND IT PROVIDES INFORMATION AND TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES TO RAISE THE STANDARDS AROUND THE WORLD. IT AIMS TO PROVIDE THE PUBLIC A SAFE, SECURE, EFFICIENT AND AN ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE AIR TRANSPORT SYSTEM. IT IS GOVERNED BY THEACI GOVERNING BOARD. ACI WORLD IS LOCATED IN MONTREAL, QUEBEC, CANADA. ACI WORKS ON A DAILY BASIS WITH THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO) AND IS A MEMBER OF THEAIR TRANSPORT ACTION GROUP (ATAG).

AIRPORTS COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL (ACI) ACI REPRESENTS AIRPORTS INTERESTS G WITH OVERNMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS ICAO, DEVELOPS STANDARDS, POLICIES AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR AIRPORTS, AND PROVIDES INFORMATION AND TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES TO RAISE STANDARDS AROUND THE WORLD. SAFETY ACI CONSIDERS SAFETY AS ITS MAIN PRIORITY, AND HAS LAUNCHED PROGRAMS SUCH AIRPORT AS EXCELLENCE (APEX) TO HELP AIRPORTS ENHANCE THEIR LEVEL OF SAFETY ACI ALSO. PROVIDES NUMEROUS PUBLICATIONS ON RECOMMENDATIONS AND BEST PRACTICES FOR AIRPORT OPERATORSA. S PART OF ITS DEDICATIONS TO SAFE OPERATIONS, ACI IS INVOLVED IN AIRPORT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR AIRPORTS, TECHNOLOGY, SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT, SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AIRPORTS, SAFETY GUIDANCE MATERIAL AND TRAINING. ECONOMICS ACI ENCOURAGES ITS MEMBER AIRPORTS TO CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVE OPERATIONAL AND COST EFFICIENCY TO MODERATE THE COST OF FLYING AND TO MITIGATE INTENSIFYING CAPACITY SHORTFALLS, BUT ALSO TO CREATE SUFFICIENT RATES OF RETURN ENABLING TO INVEST IN ADDITIONAL CAPACITY. SECURITY ACI HAS FORMULATED A NUMBER OF POLICY POSITIONS ON SECURITY ISSUES WHICH GUIDE THE ORGANISATION AND MEMBER AIRPORTS.

AIRPORTS COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL (ACI) IT ALL OF THE ACI WORLD IT INITIATIVES ARE COORDINATED THROUGHACI THE WORLD AIRPORT IT STANDING COMMITTEE. IT IS CONSTITUTED BY LEADERS FROM AIRPORTS AND BUSINESS PARTNERS AROUND THE WORLD AND AIMS TO REFORMULATE RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND DEVELOP GUIDELINES, BENCHMARKING AND TRAINING MATERIALS TO HELP AIRPORTS FIND THE BEST BUSINESS SOLUTIONS FOR THEMSELVES, THEIR PARTNERS AND THEIR CUSTOMERS. ENVIRONMENT ACI DEVELOPS INITIATIVES TO PROMOTE AVIATION AND AIRPORT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS IN ORDER TO LIMIT OR REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS WHILE SUPPORTING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENEFITS. ACI CREATED TOOLS TO HELP AIRPORT CALCULATE THEIR OWN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.

ANCILLARY ORGANIZATION; WHAT IS ANCILLARY SERVICES REFERS TO ORGANISATIONS THAT DO NOT HAVE A DIRECT ROLE, BUT PLAY A SUPPORTING ROLE, PERHAPS OFFERING RELATED PRODUCTS AND SERVICES. EXAMPLE OF A TRAVEL AGENCY, THE MAIN PRODUCTS IT SELLS ARE HOLIDAYS AND FLIGHTS, BUT IT WILL OFFER A WIDE RANGE OF ANCILLARY SERVICES IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A FULL SERVICE FOR ITS CLIENTS AND EARN EXTRA REVENUE. "WITHOUT ANCILLARIES, THE INDUSTRY WOULD BE MAKING A LOSS FROM ITS CORE SEAT AND CARGO PRODUCTS. “- IATA, 2013 AND THE POPULARITY OF ANCILLARIES IS GROWING AS PASSENGERS REALISE THESE SERVICES, SUCH AS INFLIGHT INTERNET, COMFORT SEATS OR À LA CARTE MEALS, CAN IMPROVE THEIR TRAVEL EXPERIENCE. IATA’S 2013 GLOBAL PASSENGER SURVEY FOUND THAT NEARLY HALF (48%) OF PASSENGERS BOUGHT ANCILLARY PRODUCTS IN PREVIOUS TWELVE MONTHS, COMPARED WITH 34% IN ITS 2012 REPORT.

ANCILLARY ORGANIZATION; TYPES • TOUR OPERATORS, TRAVEL AGENTS • CLEANING COMPANIES • HANDLING AGENTS • RETAIL OPERATIONS, E. G. SHOPS AND RESTAURANTS IN AIRPORT, CURRENCY EXCHANGE • ONWARD TRAVEL, E. G. CAR RENTAL, TAXI, PUBLIC TRANSPORT • IN-FLIGHT CATERING COMPANIES

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