Unit 6 Classification and Diversity Introduction to Classification

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Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Introduction to Classification and Biodiversity Unit 1, AOS 2,

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Introduction to Classification and Biodiversity Unit 1, AOS 2, KK 2

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. • Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. White oak: Quercus alba • A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system. – uses Latin words – scientific names always written in italics – two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • A genus includes one or more physically similar

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • A genus includes one or more physically similar species. – Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related. – Genus name is always capitalized. • A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. – always lowercase – always follows genus name; never written alone Tyto alba

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Scientific names help scientists to communicate. – Some

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Scientific names help scientists to communicate. – Some species have very similar common names. – Some species have many common names.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. • Each level

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. • Each level is included in the level above it. • Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity The Linnaean classification system has limitations. • Linnaeus taxonomy

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity The Linnaean classification system has limitations. • Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence. – The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time. – Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Physical similarities are not always the result of

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. • Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. • Phylogeny

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. – evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data – shown with branching tree diagrams

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees. – classification based on common ancestry – species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. – A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. – Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. – Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members. 1 Tetrapoda clade – basis of arranging species in cladogram – more closely related species share more derived characters – represented on cladogram as hash marks 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. CLADE 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade • Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID NODE FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. • Molecular data may

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. • Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities. • Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification. • DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity KEY CONCEPT Molecular clocks provide clues to evolutionary history.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity KEY CONCEPT Molecular clocks provide clues to evolutionary history.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. •

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. • Mutations add up at a constant rate in related species. – This rate is the ticking of the molecular clock. – As more time passes, there will be more mutations. Mutations add up at a fairly constant rate in the DNA of species that evolved from a common ancestor. DNA sequence from a hypothetical ancestor Ten million years later— one mutation in each lineage Another ten million years later— one more mutation in each lineage The DNA sequences from two descendant species show mutations that have accumulated (black). The mutation rate of this sequence equals one mutation per ten million years.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Scientists estimate mutation rates by linking molecular data

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Scientists estimate mutation rates by linking molecular data and real time. – an event known to separate species – the first appearance of a species in fossil record

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of molecular clocks. • Different molecules have different mutation rates. – higher rate, better for studying closely related species – lower rate, better for studying distantly related species

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely related

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Mitochondrial DNA is used to study closely related species. – mutation rate ten times faster than nuclear DNA – passed down unshuffled from mother to offspring grandparents mitochondrial DNA nuclear DNA parents Mitochondrial DNA is passed down only from the mother of each generation, so it is not subject to recombination. child Nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents, making it more difficult to trace back through generations.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Ribosomal RNA is used to study distantly related

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Ribosomal RNA is used to study distantly related species. – many conservative regions – lower mutation rate than most DNA

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity KEY CONCEPT The current tree of life has three

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity KEY CONCEPT The current tree of life has three domains.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Classification is always a work in progress. • The

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. – Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Plantae Animalia and Plantae Animalia

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Classification is always a work in progress. • The

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. – Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Plantae Animalia and Plantae Animalia – 1866: all single-celled Protista organisms moved to kingdom Protista

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Classification is always a work in progress. • The

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. – Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Plantae Animalia and Plantae Animalia – 1866: all single-celled Protista organisms moved to kingdom Protista – 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Classification is always a work in progress. • The

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. – Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Plantae Animalia and Plantae Animalia – 1866: all single-celled Protista organisms moved to kingdom Protista – 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera – 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Monera Fungi

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Classification is always a work in progress. • The

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. – Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Plantae Animalia and Plantae Animalia – 1866: all single-celled Protista organisms moved to kingdom Protista – 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera – 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Archea Fungi Bacteria – 1977: kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity The three domains in the tree of life are

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. • Domains are above the kingdom level. – proposed by Carl Woese based on r. RNA studies of prokaryotes – domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. – one of largest groups on Earth – classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea. – cell walls chemically different from bacteria – differences discovered by studying RNA – known for living in extreme environments

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. – kingdom Protista

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. – kingdom Protista

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. – kingdom Protista

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. – kingdom Protista – kingdom Plantae

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. – kingdom Protista

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. – kingdom Protista – kingdom Plantae – kingdom Fungi

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. – – kingdom

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. – – kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae kingdom Fungi kingdom Animalia

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Bacteria and archaea can be difficult to classify.

Unit 6: Classification and Diversity • Bacteria and archaea can be difficult to classify. – transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction bridge to transfer DNA – blurs the line between “species” – more research needed to understand prokaryotes

Unit 6 Classification and Diversity Introduction to ClassificationUnit 6 Classification and Diversity Introduction to Classification
Chapter 17 Organizing Lifes Diversity Classification Classification ClassificationChapter 17 Organizing Lifes Diversity Classification Classification Classification
CLASSIFICATION Organizing Lifes Diversity Classification Classification putting objectsCLASSIFICATION Organizing Lifes Diversity Classification Classification putting objects
Classification Classification Classification Classification Features and labels GreenClassification Classification Classification Classification Features and labels Green
Unit 6 Classification and Diversity Linnaeus classification systemUnit 6 Classification and Diversity Linnaeus classification system
Contents 1 Cultural Diversity Cultural Diversity Cultural DiversityContents 1 Cultural Diversity Cultural Diversity Cultural Diversity
Measure of diversity 1 Diversity Indices A diversityMeasure of diversity 1 Diversity Indices A diversity
Diversity Diversity Is Valuable Embracing diversity adds valueDiversity Diversity Is Valuable Embracing diversity adds value
CULTURAL DIVERSITY Curture Diversity Cultural diversity Importance ofCULTURAL DIVERSITY Curture Diversity Cultural diversity Importance of
Chapter 7 Biological Diversity Biological Diversity Biological DiversityChapter 7 Biological Diversity Biological Diversity Biological Diversity
Cultural diversity change diffusion Cultural Diversity Cultural DiversityCultural diversity change diffusion Cultural Diversity Cultural Diversity
Alpha diversity In ecology alpha diversity diversity isAlpha diversity In ecology alpha diversity diversity is
What is Diversity What Is Diversity Diversity isWhat is Diversity What Is Diversity Diversity is
Diversity What is Diversity Diversity is often consideredDiversity What is Diversity Diversity is often considered
Classification 5 3 Classification of Biodiversity Classification ClassificationClassification 5 3 Classification of Biodiversity Classification Classification
Classification of Living Things CLASSIFICATION CLASSES Classification CLASSIFICATIONClassification of Living Things CLASSIFICATION CLASSES Classification CLASSIFICATION
Unit One Biological Diversity Unit One Biological DiversityUnit One Biological Diversity Unit One Biological Diversity
Dimensions of Diversity Introduction to Diversity UNIT TWODimensions of Diversity Introduction to Diversity UNIT TWO
Dimensions of Diversity Introduction to Diversity UNIT ONEDimensions of Diversity Introduction to Diversity UNIT ONE
Biology Introduction to Classification and Taxonomy Classification ClassificationBiology Introduction to Classification and Taxonomy Classification Classification
Diversity of Organisms and Classification Classification of OrganismsDiversity of Organisms and Classification Classification of Organisms
Diversity of Organisms and Classification Classification of OrganismsDiversity of Organisms and Classification Classification of Organisms
Classification and Life Diversity Part I Modern ClassificationClassification and Life Diversity Part I Modern Classification
Classification of Organisms Adaptation and Diversity 1 ClassificationClassification of Organisms Adaptation and Diversity 1 Classification