Unit 6 Anatomy and Physiology The Human Body

Unit 6: Anatomy and Physiology The Human Body Lesson 1 Overview John Levasseur Springfield Central High School Many Slides From and based on: http: //science. pppst. com/humanbody. html

MA Frameworks for Anatomy and Physiology Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4. 1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth. 4. 2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, red blood cells) transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell wastes. Describe how the kidneys and the liver are closely associated with the circulatory system as they perform the excretory function of removing waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes, and the liver removes many toxic compounds from blood. 4. 3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

MA Frameworks for Anatomy and Physiology (cont) 4. 4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons) mediates communication among different parts of the body and mediates the body’s interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it works. 4. 5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to support the body and allow for movement. Recognize that bones produce blood cells. 4. 6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system allows organisms to produce offspring that receive half of their genetic information from their mother and half from their father, and that sexually produced offspring resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents. 4. 7 Recognize that communication among cells is required for coordination of body functions. The nerves communicate with electrochemical signals, hormones circulate through the blood, and some cells produce signals to communicate only with nearby cells. 4. 8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function of a physiological feedback loop.

Questions to Answer Daily Problem Set 6 -1 1. Explain the purpose of the body’s systems include a discussion of feed-back loops. 2. Explain how the muscular/skeletal works with other systems to support the body and allow for movement. 3. Explain the function of the human heart. 4. Explain generally how the digestive system converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth.

Human Anatomy and Body Systems • Humans have been interested in understanding who we are and how our bodies work for ages • Leonardo da Vinci's famous drawing Vitruvian showing the human frame's proportions drawn in 1492 has become something of an unofficial symbol of human anatomy and physiology. • Rembrandt's painting The Anatomy of Dr. Tulp • What are organ systems, and where do they fit into the levels of organization in biology? Study Guide • What did we say was the key question in education?

Levels of Organization Remember, biology (including the human body) is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex. . . Atoms – the smallest particle of matter with distinct properties Molecules – atoms covalently bonded Organelles – structures within eukaryote cells that perform specific functions Cells – the basic unit of life Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the human body. • The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the human body to maintain homeostasis Organism – an individual living system that displays all 7 characteristics of life • This unit’s organism is the human

The 11 Human Body Systems The 11 human body systems are as follows: -- integumentary system -- skeletal system -- muscular system -- circulatory system -- respiratory system -- nervous system -- digestive system -- excretory system -- lymphatic (immune) system --endocrine system -- reproductive system

Homeostasis is the Purpose of the Body’s System Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment. Homeostasis requires the controlled use of energy. Homeostasis can be graphed as a wave. Our X axis represents how the organism best operates or its desired state. The environment will continually stress the organism causing a change from the optimum or best condition; the organism then spends energy to respond to the environmental change. This response is usually a chemical reaction. The stability of Another example: The homeostasis ovarian cycle is is hormonally maintained regulated inby two phases. The follicle (or secretes regulation, control) estrogen before ovulation; mechanisms known as the corpus luteum secretes feedback loops. both estrogen and Example: the feedback progesterone loop of humanafter body ovulation. Hormones from temperature. the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary control the ovarian cycle. The ovarian cycle covers events in the ovary; the menstrual cycle occurs in the uterus. Animation on Homeostasis

Integumentary System Purpose: The Integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis, including protection, temperature regulation, sensory reception, biochemical synthesis, and absorption Major Organs and Structures of the Integumentary System • The skin is the largest organ in the body: 12 -15% of body weight, with a surface area of 1 -2 meters squared. • Two distinct layers occur in the skin: the epidermis and the dermis. • The basic cell type of the epidermis is the keratinocyte, which contain keratin, a fibrous protein. • Basal cells are the innermost layer of the epidermis. • Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin, and are also in the inner layer of the epidermis. • The dermis is a connective tissue layer under the epidermis, and contains nerve endings, sensory receptors, capillaries, and elastic fiber • A third layer also noted in the skin layer is the hypodermis. Learning Activity on Integumentary System http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. INTEGUSYS. html

Images of the Integumentary System Animation on Integumentary System Sweat Animation

Purpose: The Skeletal System to provide structure and support to the human body Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and requires the mineral calcium for strength Major Bones of the Human Body -- femur (thigh bone) -- humerus (upper arm) -- radius and ulna (lower arm) -- cranium (skull) -- sternum (breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade) -- fibula and tibia (calf) -- vertebrae (back) -- scalpula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone -- coccyx (tail bone) -- phalanges (fingers/toes) See this video Healing Bone video

Images of the Skeletal System

The Muscular System Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body • Vertebrates (animals with backbones like humans) move by the actions of muscles on bones. • Tendons attach many skeletal muscles across joints, allowing muscle contraction to move the bones across the joint. • Muscles generally work in pairs to produce movement: when one muscle flexes (or contracts) the other relaxes, a process known as antagonism*. • -- muscle cells are fibrous • -- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary Major Muscles in the Human Body -- biceps -- triceps -- glutes -- hamstrings -- deltoids Tutorial Animation *http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. MUSSKEL. html See this animation

Image of the Muscular System See these Animation

Purpose: The Circulatory System to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration Major Organs and Their Functions Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system -- pumps blood through its four chambers (two ventricles and two atria) -- pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then pumped out through the aorta to the rest of the body -- valves regulate the flow of blood between the chambers Circulatory system video Heart video

The Circulatory System (cont) Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major organs of the body -- Arteries take blood Away from the heart Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of the body -- Veins take blood into the heart Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system -- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen -- white blood cells function in the immune system -- platelets help in blood clotting Liver, Kidneys and Spleen – help to filter out toxins in the blood Video on Blood vessels

Image of the Circulatory System Kidneys Video

The Respiratory System Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide Major Organs and Their Functions Nose – internal entry and exit point for air Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs -- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food from entering Animation

The Respiratory System (Cont) Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung) -- the bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles -- eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli -- alveoli are in clusters, like grapes -- capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the exchange of gases with the blood occurs The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breath -- hiccups are involuntary contractions of the diaphragm Animation on gas exchange

Image of the Respiratory System

The Nervous System Purpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment Major Organs and Their Functions Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through -- consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses) cerebellum (controls motor functions) and Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa -- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body Video on how neurons work Video on reactions

Images of the Nervous System

The Digestive System Purpose: to convert food particles into simpler macromolecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body Major Organs and their Functions: Mouth – to chew and grind up food -- saliva also begins the chemical breakdown Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach Stomach – secretes an extraordinarily strong acid (p. H = 2) that leads to breakdown of food -- once the food is broken down in the stomach and mixed with digestive juices, it is called chyme Pancreas – produces the hormone insulin that regulates blood levels -- also help neutralize stomach acid See this animation sugar

The Digestive System (cont) Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future use Small Intestine – after digestion is complete, the chyme enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream -- the chyme is propelled along by folded surfaces on the intestine called villi, Large Intestine – removes water from the chyme and gets the waste ready for excretion Check out this Animation

Image of the Digestive System

Purpose: The Excretory System to rid the body of wastes, including excess water , nitrogenous wastes and salts. Major Organs of the Excretory Systemand structures Their Functions Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system -- waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney filters out urea, (nirogenous waste), excess water and other waste products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as urine -- eventually they travel through the ureter to the urinary bladder Rectum – solid (food) waste travels out of the body through the rectum Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide

Image of the Excretory System

Purpose: The Immune System to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens from the human body Major Organs and Their Functions Skin – also called the integumentary system, the skin is the body’s first line of defense White Blood Cells – recognize disease agents (antigens) and create antibodies to tag and remove these antigens -- phagocytes are the white blood cell type that actually eats and destroys these antigens Lymph Nodes – help restore fluid lost by the blood and return it to the circulatory system Animation on Allergies

Image of the Immune System Animation of Lymph System

Purpose: The Endocrine System to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones Major Organs of the Endocrine System --hypothalamus -- pituitary gland -- thyroid -- parathyroid -- adrenal glands -- pancreas -- testes -- ovaries Endocrine System

Purpose: Reproductive System to produce more humans All the topics in Human Biology which have been covered so far - the body systems and their functioning - apply equally to males and females. However, in the case of the reproduction process, two different systems are required, of different sexes, male and female. This is, of course, why the process is called sexual reproduction. Major Organs of the Reproductive System • Male: • Prostate gland • Testes • Scrotum • Penis • Urethra • Seminal Vesical http: //www. biotopics. co. uk/human 2/reprsy. html • Female: • Oviduct • Uterus • Cervix • Ovary • Vagina • Vulva

Images of the Reproductive System

Questions to Ponder from Lesson 1 What is the essential question in education? What levels of organization are we discussing in this unit? What is an organ system? What is purpose of the human organ systems? What organ system deals with the skin? What organ system would the intestines and stomach be part of? Describe the structure of a nerve cell. What body system deals with defending the body against disease? What body system includes: skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles? What body system deals with making more humans? The brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons are parts of what body system? What body system deals with hormones? What body system rids the body of waste products?