Unit 5 Review 1750 CE 1914 CE 1

1. Which of the following statements concerning the political philosophy of the Enlightenment is

2. Above all, population pressure in the 18 th century A. led to wholesale

3. In what year did the American colonies set up a new constitutional structure

4. Which of the following was NOT a cause of the French Revolution? A.

5. On July 14 in the first year of the French Revolution, the storming

6. The radical phase of the French Revolution led to all of the following

7. Which of the following statements concerning the peace conference at Vienna following the

8. Which 19 th-century European political group listed below would espouse the following statement?

9. After industrialization in 19 th century Europe, a demographic transition occurred which led

10. Which of the following statements could NOT be attributed to the political philosophy

11. Britain’s Australian colonies originated in 1788 as A. B. C. D. E. mining

12. British settlers in New Zealand encountered and eventually defeated which native group? A.

13. Which of the following was NOT an aspect of imperialism in the period

14. How were 18 th-century land empires in Asia accumulated? A. By direct government

15. The territories controlled by the British East India Company expanded concurrently with the

16. Which of the following was NOT a handicap faced by the Indian princes

17. All of the following were reasons why India became the pivot of the

18. Jeremy Bentham and James Mill were leaders of what philosophical movement that supported

19. In the first half of the 19 th century, what European nation dominated

20. Which of the following nations did NOT enter the competitive race for colonial

21. Which of the following statements is most accurate? A. Quarrels over the division

22. By 1914 all of Africa had fallen to European colonialists EXCEPT A. B.

23. Which of the following was a republic founded by the Boers in the

24. Hawaii was effectively opened to the West through the voyages of A. B.

25. In what way was Latin America different from the other regions that remained

26. What event in 19 th-century Europe precipitated the movements for independence in Latin

27. Who initiated the movement for independence in Mexico by calling on the mestizos

28. Simon Bolivar was responsible for the independence movement in A. B. C. D.

29. In what way was the experience of the Napoleonic wars different for Portugal

30. How was Brazilian independence achieved? A. Through a rebellion led by the creole

31. Which of the following statements concerning the political organization of Latin America to

32. The United States expressed its attitude toward Latin American independence in 1823 with

33. Which of the following factors did NOT account for the economic stagnation in

34. Which of the following nations intervened militarily in Mexican politics between 1862 and

35. “Manifest Destiny” referred to A. the inevitability of a democratic republic in Mexico.

36. The Spanish-American War which broke out in 1898 centered on A. B. C.

37. Which of the following was NOT a weakness associated with the Ottoman Empire

38. The first region to successfully rebel and achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire

39. What European nation supported the Ottoman Empire in order to prevent other European

40. What Ottoman sultan successfully eliminated the Janissary corps as a military and political

41. Which of the following was NOT part of the Tanzimat reforms in the

42. Which of the following groups was responsible for the overthrow of the Ottoman

43. By 1801 what ruler had succeeded in establishing his dominance over Egypt? A.

44. The dynastic name taken by the Manchu dynasty was A. B. C. D.

45. What was the impact of the British opium trade on China? A. Its

46. The semi-Christian rebellion, to create heaven on earth, that broke out in southern

47. What was the political and social position of the Manchu rulers at the

48. In what year was the last emperor of China deposed in favor of

49. Which of the following reflects a significant similarity between Japan and Russia during

50. What nations were linked together in the Holy Alliance that grouped conservative monarchies

51. What was the name of the Russian revolt inspired by Western values in

52. What accounted for the West’s victory over Russia in the Crimean War? A.

53. What tsar began the process of reform in the 19 th century? A.

54. The Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903 responsible for much economic

55. All of the following were part of the rising tide of unrest in

56. Failure in what war led to the Russian Revolution of 1905? A. B.

57. The Duma was A. the confrontation between radical workers and the tsarist army

58. Who was responsible for the forced opening of Japan in 1853? A. B.

59. Huge industrial combines put together in Japan by the 1890 s were called

60. Which of the following was NOT a sign of significant social stress in

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Unit 5 Review 1750 CE— 1914 CE

1. Which of the following statements concerning the political philosophy of the Enlightenment is most accurate? A. B. C. D. E. Enlightenment philosophies were creatures of the monarchs who were their patrons and supported the powers of the kings. Although the Enlightenment philosophers were generally opposed to the authority of the church, they argued that only monarchy could insure stability for the masses. Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that did not grant full religious freedom or that insisted on aristocratic privilege. Enlightenment intellectuals were the firmest supporters of the church left in European culture. Enlightenment philosophers withdrew from society and politics and adopted a policy of non-intervention in religious matters.

2. Above all, population pressure in the 18 th century A. led to wholesale replacement of officeholders among the elite. B. drove many people into the working-class proletariat. C. led the business classes to reduce the number of children in their families. D. caused the middle classes to reduce risk-taking. E. kept many people trapped as agricultural serfs.

3. In what year did the American colonies set up a new constitutional structure based on Enlightenment principles? A. B. C. D. E. 1776 1781 1783 1789 1795

4. Which of the following was NOT a cause of the French Revolution? A. Enlightenment thinkers urging the need to limit the powers of the Catholic church and the aristocracy B. The church seeking greater power over the royal government C. The middle-class demand for greater political representation D. The peasant desire for freedom from manorialism E. Financial problems of the French government

5. On July 14 in the first year of the French Revolution, the storming of what political prison provided a revolutionary symbol? A. B. C. D. E. Tuileries Place des Vosges Montparnasse Bastille Versailles

6. The radical phase of the French Revolution led to all of the following EXCEPT the A. execution of the king. B. introduction of the metric system of weights and measures. C. extension of the revolution to warfare in the Low Countries, Italy, and Germany. D. full-scale attack on private property. E. Reign of Terror

7. Which of the following statements concerning the peace conference at Vienna following the fall of France is most accurate? A. The allies intended to punish France severely in order to make certain that no further revolution was possible. B. Territorial adjustments reached at Vienna kept Europe fairly stable for almost half a century. C. Successful restoration of conservative monarchies and promotion of internal peace was achieved for a century. D. Poland emerged as one of the winners in the territorial realignments that followed the wars. E. The Congress of Vienna ushered in a new era of liberalism that lasted for over a hundred years.

8. Which 19 th-century European political group listed below would espouse the following statement? “As long as property is controlled by private individuals, inequality will exist. It is the role of the state to manage property for the benefit of all citizens. ” A. B. C. D. E. Radicals Socialists Liberals Conservatives Military leaders

9. After industrialization in 19 th century Europe, a demographic transition occurred which led to a new system that promoted stable population levels through A. B. C. D. government-sponsored family planning. legal sanctions against illegitimate births. low birth and death rates increased mortality due to industrial accidents and environmental pollution. E. increased mortality due to disease.

10. Which of the following statements could NOT be attributed to the political philosophy of Karl Marx? A. Earlier socialist theories based on utopian schemes were silly and unrealistic. B. In the aftermath of the victory of the proletariat, the state would emerge permanently as a powerful dictatorship. C. History was shaped by the available means of production and who controlled them. D. Revolution of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie was inevitable. E. In the final historical phase, the state would wither away.

11. Britain’s Australian colonies originated in 1788 as A. B. C. D. E. mining expeditions. plantation and ranching settlements. penal settlements. fortified trading ports. military bases.

12. British settlers in New Zealand encountered and eventually defeated which native group? A. B. C. D. E. Aborigines Dravidians Maoris Taino Dorians

13. Which of the following was NOT an aspect of imperialism in the period following European industrialization? A. The search for markets for European manufactured products B. The absence of Christian missions C. The establishment of European colonies in the interior of Africa and Asia D. The search for raw materials to feed the machines of Europe E. The need to find profitable investments for excess capital

14. How were 18 th-century land empires in Asia accumulated? A. By direct government intervention B. By the policy of the directors of the Dutch and British East India companies acting under the direction of their governments C. By the initiative of overseas agents of the Dutch and British East India companies acting in the absence of instructions from the company directors D. No 18 th-century territorial acquisitions were made. E. By insubordinate military leaders

15. The territories controlled by the British East India Company expanded concurrently with the collapse of the A. B. C. D. E. Safavid dominions. Mughal empire. Mauryan territories. Raj. Maghreb.

16. Which of the following was NOT a handicap faced by the Indian princes in defending their kingdoms from the British? A. The lack of a sense of national identity in India B. The willingness of Indians to serve in the British armies C. The continued warfare among the Indian princes D. The success of the British in winning many converts to Christianity E. Strength of the British military

17. All of the following were reasons why India became the pivot of the great British Empire EXCEPT A. the size of the Indian land army. B. the utility of Indian ports in maintaining British sea power. C. the residence of more white settlers than any other British colony. D. the existence of raw materials useful to the British industries. E. British interest in global trade.

18. Jeremy Bentham and James Mill were leaders of what philosophical movement that supported social reform in the colonies? A. B. C. D. E. Sophism Social Gospel Social Darwinism Pragmatism Utilitarianism

19. In the first half of the 19 th century, what European nation dominated overseas trade and empire building? A. B. C. D. E. Holland Portugal Britain Germany Spain

20. Which of the following nations did NOT enter the competitive race for colonial empire and industrial supremacy after 1870? A. B. C. D. E. Germany Belgium Spain The United States Italy

21. Which of the following statements is most accurate? A. Quarrels over the division of the colonial spoils were used to justify the arms buildup and general militarism. B. European nations cooperated to defeat the outmanned armies of African nations. C. European nations rapidly came to agreements over the territorial division of colonial holdings. D. The League of Nations supervised the construction of European colonial empires. E. Colonial disputes were usually referred to the World Court located at the Hague.

22. By 1914 all of Africa had fallen to European colonialists EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. Libya. Algeria. Egypt. Ethiopia. South Africa.

23. Which of the following was a republic founded by the Boers in the 1850 s? A. B. C. D. E. Liberia Rhodesia Natal Senegal Transvaal

24. Hawaii was effectively opened to the West through the voyages of A. B. C. D. E. Magellan. Captain James Cook. Henry Hudson. Admiral Farragut. Francis Drake.

25. In what way was Latin America different from the other regions that remained outside the direct control of Western imperialism? A. Latin America had no economic relationship with the West. B. During the century of imperialism, Latin America cast off previous colonial controls through revolution. C. Unlike the others, Latin America had no previous political relationship to the West. D. The ideals of the Enlightenment had little or no impact on Latin America. E. It achieved rapid industrialization through the use of capital from the United States.

26. What event in 19 th-century Europe precipitated the movements for independence in Latin America? A. The forced abdication of the royal family of Spain during the Napoleonic wars B. The conquest of the Mughal empire by the Portuguese C. Spain’s loss of colonial territories to the British during the War of Jenkins’ Ear D. The Seven Years War and is aftermath E. Beheading of Louis XVI during the French Revolution

27. Who initiated the movement for independence in Mexico by calling on the mestizos and Indians to rebel in 1810? A. B. C. D. E. Toussaint L’Ouverture Father Miguel de Hidalgo Simon Bolivar Agustin de Iturbide Jose Maria Morelos

28. Simon Bolivar was responsible for the independence movement in A. B. C. D. E. Argentina. Mexico. northern South America. Guatemala. Panama.

29. In what way was the experience of the Napoleonic wars different for Portugal than for Spain? A. Portugal was allied with the French emperor. B. The French attempted to invade Portugal, but failed. C. The entire royal family fled from the French to Brazil and established their capital there. D. Following the defeat of the Portuguese, the French took over the colonial administration of Brazil. E. The Portuguese were assisted by Britain unlike the Spanish.

30. How was Brazilian independence achieved? A. Through a rebellion led by the creole elite B. Through a slave rebellion on the model of Haiti C. Because the French freed the colony unilaterally D. Pedro, the prince regent of Brazil, declared independence E. By an act of the Portuguese parliament

31. Which of the following statements concerning the political organization of Latin America to 1850 is most accurate? A. Most of Latin America was divided up into consolidated units that mirrored the colonial vice royalties. B. The excellent colonial road system enabled the creation of larger states after independence. C. Permanent consolidation and union was more typical of Central America and southern South America than elsewhere. D. Most attempts at consolidation and union had failed. E. Traditional tribal boundaries formed the basis for new nation-states.

32. The United States expressed its attitude toward Latin American independence in 1823 with the issuance of the A. B. C. D. E. Articles of Confederation. Southwest Ordinance. Canning Treaty. Monroe Doctrine. Adams-Onis Treaty.

33. Which of the following factors did NOT account for the economic stagnation in Latin America from 1820 to 1850? A. Slow recovery of the mining sector after wars of independence B. Lack of a transportation network and port facilities C. Lack of capital for investment in industry D. Absence of foreign markets for raw materials E. A rural and industrial unskilled labor force

34. Which of the following nations intervened militarily in Mexican politics between 1862 and 1865? A. B. C. D. E. Germany United States Britain Spain France

35. “Manifest Destiny” referred to A. the inevitability of a democratic republic in Mexico. B. the economic dominance of Britain in Latin America. C. the imposition of French government in Mexico during the reign of Napoleon III. D. the belief that the United States was destined to rule the North American continent from coast to coast. E. the domination by Spanish colonists of the native peoples of the Americas.

36. The Spanish-American War which broke out in 1898 centered on A. B. C. D. E. Mexico. Brazil. Cuba. Haiti. Canada.

37. Which of the following was NOT a weakness associated with the Ottoman Empire in the 18 th century? A. Weak rulers B. Competition within factions of the elite C. Conversion of much of the population to Christianity D. Deteriorating conditions for artisans as a result of competition with the West E. Weak and obsolete military force

38. The first region to successfully rebel and achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire was A. B. C. D. E. the Crimea. Greece. Serbia. Palestine. Turkey.

39. What European nation supported the Ottoman Empire in order to prevent other European powers from gaining access to the Mediterranean? A. B. C. D. E. Britain France Russia Austria-Hungary Belgium

40. What Ottoman sultan successfully eliminated the Janissary corps as a military and political influence? A. B. C. D. E. Selim III Mahmud II Abdul Hamid Selim II Ali

41. Which of the following was NOT part of the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire? A. Introduction of Western-style education in the universities B. Addition of state-run postal and telegraph systems C. Creation of a constitution based on European prototypes D. Elimination of religious protection for minority religious groups E. Extensive legal reforms

42. Which of the following groups was responsible for the overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate in 1908? A. B. C. D. E. Black September Ottoman Society for Union and Progress Young Arabs Mamluks Black Hand

43. By 1801 what ruler had succeeded in establishing his dominance over Egypt? A. Murad, commander of the Mamluks B. Napoleon, French emperor C. Muhammad Ali, an Albanian officer in the Ottoman army D. Nurhaci, Almoravid military commander E. Sultan Ahmet, Egyptian nationalist

44. The dynastic name taken by the Manchu dynasty was A. B. C. D. E. Song. Tang. Qing. Chou. Sui.

45. What was the impact of the British opium trade on China? A. Its use was restricted to the peasantry of northern China, where production of food rapidly decreased. B. The government was quickly able to halt the importation of opium, so that it did not have the disastrous impact on the Chinese population that was expected. C. Within years China’s favorable balance of trade was reversed and silver began to flow out of the country. D. Due to the addiction of the imperial court, the British were welcomed as a valuable trade partner of China. E. The opium trade had little economic effect on China in the long run.

46. The semi-Christian rebellion, to create heaven on earth, that broke out in southern China in the 1850 s and early 1860 s was the A. B. C. D. E. Boxer rebellion. Kwangxi rebellion. Shandong rebellion. Manchu rebellion. Taiping rebellion.

47. What was the political and social position of the Manchu rulers at the end of the 19 th century? A. B. C. D. E. The Manchu rulers stubbornly resisted the far reaching reforms that were the only hope of saving the regime and Chinese civilization. The last decades of the dynasty were dominated by Cixi, a woman who proposed radical reforms of the social order. The Chinese scholar-gentry and the provincial elite allied with the emperors to introduce significant reform of landholding practices and regional administration. The dynasty wholeheartedly embraced the ongoing Westernizaton of the Chinese government and economy. The Manchu rulers adopted a wait-and-see attitude with regard to Western-style reforms.

48. In what year was the last emperor of China deposed in favor of a republican form of government? A. B. C. D. E. 1895 1901 1908 1912 1914

49. Which of the following reflects a significant similarity between Japan and Russia during the period of industrialization prior to 1914? A. Both experienced significant political revolutions. B. Both Japan and Russia had prior experience of imitation, Japan from China and Russia from Byzantium and the West. C. Both demonstrated remarkable political flexibility resulting in sweeping transformations of political structure. D. Both engaged in territorial acquisitions in the Ottoman Empire. E. Both had a large industrial labor force coupled with a small agricultural base.

50. What nations were linked together in the Holy Alliance that grouped conservative monarchies together in defense of religion and the status quo in 1815? A. B. C. D. E. Britain, France, Spain, Russia, Poland Russia, Prussia, Austria, Japan, Russia France, Britain, Italy

51. What was the name of the Russian revolt inspired by Western values in 1825? A. B. C. D. E. The Decembrist uprising The November rebellion Pushkin’s revolt Pugachev rebellion Potemkin mutiny

52. What accounted for the West’s victory over Russia in the Crimean War? A. The war was fought far from Russia, necessitating lengthy lines of communication and supply. B. Russia was forced to fight an offensive war against entrenched positions. C. The war was fought almost entirely at sea where the Russians were unable to bring their numerical superiority to bear. D. The Western nations won not because of superior tactics or inspired principles, but because of industrial advantages. E. Sardinian and Polish assistance to the Russians was ineffective in the long run.

53. What tsar began the process of reform in the 19 th century? A. B. C. D. E. Alexander II Nicholas I Peter the Great Nicholas II

54. The Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903 responsible for much economic modernization was A. B. C. D. E. Stolypin. Count Witte. Klemenz von Metternich. Gregor Mendel. General Kuropatkin.

55. All of the following were part of the rising tide of unrest in Russia during the second half of the 19 th century EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. the Orthodox church. ethnic minorities. peasants. the intelligentsia. the industrial workers.

56. Failure in what war led to the Russian Revolution of 1905? A. B. C. D. E. Crimean Sino-Japanese Russo-Japanese World War I Russo-Turkish

57. The Duma was A. the confrontation between radical workers and the tsarist army in 1905. B. a system of collective farms for peasants introduced following 1905. C. a national parliament created in the aftermath of the 1905 revolution. D. the imperial council that took over government after the abdication of the tsar in 1905. E. the Russian national labor union created after the Revolution of 1905.

58. Who was responsible for the forced opening of Japan in 1853? A. B. C. D. E. Captain James Cook Commodore Matthew Perry Admiral Horatio Nelson Captain William Farragut Commodore George Perry

59. Huge industrial combines put together in Japan by the 1890 s were called A. B. C. D. E. haiku. terakoya. zaibatsus khitan. zemstvoes.

60. Which of the following was NOT a sign of significant social stress in industrialized Japan? A. Disputes between generations over Westernization B. The increasing freedom and political influence of women C. Growth of nationalism D. Growth of urban slums E. Racial unrest