Unit 5 Pathology Otorhinolaryngology and Prefixes dys brady

Pathology • path/o/logy = study of disease – Especially infectious diseases • path/o/genic = causes disease • patho/genic organisms = microorganisms that cause infections Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Pathogenic Organisms • Microorganisms that have pathogenic forms: – – Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites

Animation Click Here to Play Infection Control Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning.

Bacteria • bacterium = singular form • Generally named for their shape Copyright ©

Bacteria: Cocci • cocc/us = spherically shaped • cocc/i = plural form • Origin

Bacteria: Cocci • Examples: – dipl/o/cocc/i = grow in pairs – strept/o/cocc/i = grow in twisted chains or strips – staphyl/o/cocc/i = grow in clusters • Like grapes Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Bacteria: Cocci • Infections caused by cocci: – Meningitis • Mening/o/coccus – Pneumonia • Strept/o/coccus pneumoniae – Gonorrhea • Neisseria gonorrhoeae Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Bacteria: Cocci • Infections caused by cocci: – Sore throat • Strept/o/coccus • Effects of staphyl/o/cocci: – Form pus – Cause common form of food poisoning – Cause acne infections Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

MRSA • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus • Bacterium that causes serious infection • Difficult to treat – Resistant to many antibiotics Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Bacteria: Bacilli • bacill/us = rod-shaped bacteria • bacill/i = plural form • Examples: – dipl/o/bacill/us = rod-shaped double bacillus – strept/o/bacill/us = rod-shaped bacillus growing in twisted chains – pneum/p/bacill/us = bacilli that cause pneumonia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Infestations Caused by Organisms • Trichomoniasis – Trichomonas • Moniliasis – Yeast Copyright ©

Infestations Caused by Organisms • Elephantiasis – Filarial worm • Giardia lamblia – Giardiasis

Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Bacterial: – – Chlamydia Urogenital infection Gonorrhea Syphilis Copyright ©

Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Viral: – Hepatitis – Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) – Venereal warts Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Parasitic: – – Trichomoniasis Urogenital infection Lice Pediculosis pubis •

Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Fungal: – Candidiasis • Yeast infection Copyright © 2010 Delmar,

Pus • Thick, yellowish fluid consisting of WBCs, bacteria, and tissue debris • Boils and acne infections contain pus • py/o = combining form Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Pus • Examples: – py/o/genic = producing or forming pus • Purulent • E. g. , pyogenic staphylococci – py/o/rrhea = flow or discharge of pus • py/o/rrhea alveolaris = disease of teeth and gums in which pus discharged • py/o/rrhea salivarius = disease of salivary gland from which there is flow of pus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Pus • Examples: – py/o/cele = hernia containing pus – py/o/thorax = accumulation of pus in thoracic cavity • Can be caused by pneumonia or lung abscess Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Otorhinolaryngology • Study and treatment of diseases and disorders of ears, nose, and throat

Ear • ot/o = combining form • Origin – Greek – ot = ear • ot/ic = pertaining to ear • Example: – ot/o/scope = instrument used to examine ear Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Structures of the Ear Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ear Conditions • ot/o/rrhea = discharge from ear – Also disease of ear • ot/itis media = ear discharge, inflammation, and deafness • ot/algia = ear pain • ot/o/dynia = ear pain Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Ear • auris sinistra (AS) = left ear • auris dextra (AD) = right

Eardrum • • tympan/o = combining form tympan/ic = adjectival form membrana tympani sinistra = left eardrum membrana tympani dextra = right eardrum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Eardrum • Examples: – tympan/o/tomy = incision into eardrum – tympan/ectomy = removal of eardrum – tympan/o/metry = process of measuring eardrum function Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Hearing • audi/o = combining form • Examples: – audi/o/logy = study of hearing – audi/o/log/ist = one who studies and measures hearing and prescribes and fits hearing devices – audi/o/metry = process of measuring hearing – audi/o/gram = record of hearing test Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Animation Click Here to Play Hearing Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL

Voice • phon/o = combining form • Examples: – phon/ic = pertaining to voice – phon/o/meter = instrument of measuring intensity of vocal sounds – a/phon/ia = unable to make sounds – dys/phon/ia = weak voice Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Speech • phas/o = combining form • -phasia = suffix for speech disorder • Examples: – a/phasia = absence of speech – brady/phasia = slow speech Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Nose • rhin/o = combining form • Examples: – – rhin/o/rrhea = flow or discharge from nose rhin/itis = inflammation of nose rhin/o/tomy = incision of nose rhin/o/plasty = surgical repair of nose Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: brady • brady- = slow • Examples: – brady/phag/ia = slowness in eating • Abnormally slow swallowing – brady/cardi/a = abnormally slow heart action – brady/pne/o = slow breathing • pne/o = respiration or breathing Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: tachy • tachy- = fast • Examples: – – tachy/cardi/a = abnormally rapid heartbeat tachy/o/gram = record of velocity of blood flow tachy/phagia = fast eating tachy/pnea = increased rate of respiration • Can be caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide in blood Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefixes: a- and an • a- and an- = without • Examples: – a/pnea = cessation of breathing • Caused by low level of carbon dioxide in blood – a/genesis = failure to develop – a/men/o/rrhea = absence of menstruation – a/rrhythm/ia = loss of correct heart rhythm Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: dys • dys- = painful or difficult • Examples: – – dys/phag/ia = difficult swallowing dys/phon/ia = difficult vocalizing dys/phas/ia = difficult speaking dys/lex/ia = difficult reading Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: dys • Examples: – dys/men/o/rhea = painful or difficult menstruation – dys/rrhythm/ia = irregular or abnormal rhythm – dys/pnea = difficult breathing Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: syn • syn- = with or together • Examples: – syn/erg/y or syn/erg/ism = working together to create effect greater than separate efforts – syn/erg/etic = muscles working together Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: syn • Examples: – syn/erg/istic = drugs working together • E. g. , Tylenol and codeine for increased pain relief • Alcohol and analgesics not recommended together – Due to increased nervous system depression – syn/dactyl/ism = two or more fingers jointed together – syn/arthr/osis = immoveable joint – syn/arthr/ic = pertaining to immoveable joint Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Syndrome • syn/drome = variety of symptoms occurring together – Complete picture of disease • Korsakoff’s syndrome – Signs and symptoms of brain damage brought on by alcoholism Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Syndrome • Reye’s syndrome – Post-infection encephalopathy in children linked to acute fever, influenza,

Prodrome • pro/drome = symptom that runs before disease – E. g. , sneezes before common cold • pro/drom/al = adjectival form – E. g. , rash that precedes papules in chickenpox Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: micro • micro- = small • Examples: – micro/cyte = very small cell – micro/cyst = very small cyst • Sac containing fluid – micro/cardi/a = condition of having small heart Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: micro • Examples: – micro/gram = one thousandth of a milligram • One millionth of a gram – micro/surgery = surgery performed on minute structures using microscope and small instruments Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: micro • micro/cephal/ic = adjectival form • Example: – micro/cephal/us = condition of having very small head • Limits size of brain • Usually results in mental impairment Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: macro • macro- = large • Examples: – macro/cyte = very large cell – macro/blast = large embryonic cell – macro/cocc/us = very large coccus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: macro • Abnormally large body parts: – – – macro/cephal/us = head macro/gloss/ia = tongue macro/tia = ear macro/rhin/ia = nose macro/cheil/ia = lips Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Prefix: poly • poly- = too much or too many • Three terms for

Prefix: poly • poly/dips/ia = excessive thirst – Caused by: • Excessive salt in food • Upset in pituitary secretion • High blood sugar levels with lack of insulin Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Alcoholism • dips/o/man/ia = old term for alcoholism • Facts: – Chronic physical and psychological disease – Treatment includes carefully planned withdrawal from alcohol, nutrition, rest, and psychotherapy – Alcoholics Anonymous offers support programs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Digestion • peps/o = combining form • Examples: – – a/peps/ia = cessation of digestion dys/peps/ia = poor digestion brady/peps/ia = slow digestion peptic ulcers = stomach ulcers Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Genesis • genesis = development or production • Examples: – – – a/genesis = failure to develop path/o/genesis = producing disease py/o/genesis = producing pus onc/o/genesis = producing cancer carcin/o/genesis = development of cancer carcin/o/genetic = causes cancer Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Heat • therm/o = heat • Examples: – – therm/al and therm/ic = pertaining to heat therm/o/plegia = heatstroke therm/o/phobia = abnormal fear of heat therm/o/esthesi/a and therm/o/algesia = oversensitivity to heat Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Heat • Examples: – therm/o/genesis = formation of body heat – hyper/therm/ia = high body temperature • Body temperature more than 101° Fahrenheit can indicate fever – hypo/therm/ia = low body temperature – dia/therm/y = generation of heat through tissues • dia = through Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Stones • Sometimes form in body – Also known as calculi • lith/o =

Stones • Examples: – – – lith/o/logy = studying or dealing with stones lith/o/genesis = generating, producing, or forming stones lith/o/meter = instrument for measuring size of calculi rhin/o/lith = stone in nose chol/e/lith = gallstone Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gallbladder • Stores and releases bile (gall) – Fluid produced by liver that aids

Gallbladder • Examples: – chol/e/cyst = medical name of gallbladder – chol/e/lith/iasis = presence of gallstones in gallbladder – chol/e/cyst/itis = inflammation of gallbladder Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gallbladder Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gallbladder Procedures • chol/e/cyst/o/gram = x-ray of gallbladder • chol/e/cyst/o/graphy = process of taking x-ray of gallbladder • chol/e/cyst/o/tomy = incision into gallbladder • chol/e/cyst/ectomy = removal of gallbladder Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Uvula • staphyl/o = combining form – Same combining form as grape-cluster-shaped bacteria • Examples: – staphyl/itis and uvul/itis = inflammation of uvula Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Uvula Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Uvula Procedures • staphyl/o/plasty = surgical repair of uvula • staphyl/ectomy = removal of

Dactyl • dactyl = finger or toe – Digit • dactyl/o = combining form • Examples: – dactyl/itis = inflammation of digit – dactyl/o/spasm = cramp or spasm of digit Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Dactyl • Examples: – dactyl/o/gram = fingerprint – macro/dactyl/ia = condition of having abnormally large fingers or toes – poly/dactyl/ism = having too many fingers or toes Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.