Unit 5 Age of Revolutions 1750 1914 Global

Unit 5: Age of Revolutions (1750 -1914) Global History II Review 1

Scientific Revolution • New Ideas about the Universe – Scientific Revolution- period of change – Heliocentric theory said sun is center of universe. (Copernicus and Galileo) – Newton proved gravity and natural laws • New ways of thinking – Scientific Method- experimentation and observation to prove theories – Human Reason was valued 2

Enlightenment • Science and the Enlightenment – Natural Laws govern human behavior – Enlightenment rejected traditional beliefs • Leading Thinkers/ Thoughts – Locke: Natural Rights- life, liberty, & property – Montesquieu: Separation of powers – Voltaire: Religious toleration – Rousseau: Social Contract, give up freedoms for the common good of all 3

Enlightenment • Impact of the Enlightenment – Promoted change in many governments – Inspired democracy and revolutions – Enlightened rulers made changes in their countries (also able to keep power) – Key principles for the foundation of American Revolution, United States government and the French Revolution 4

Political Revolutions • American Revolution (1776) – Influenced by Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights and ideas of the Enlightenment – Symbol of freedom in Europe and Latin Amer. • French Revolution (1789) – Causes: Absolute Monarchy, social inequality, economic hardships, Enlightenment ideas, American Revolution and English laws 5

Political Revolutions • French Revolutions Stages – Creation of the National Assembly – Seizure of the Bastille – Declaration of the Rights of Man – Creation of a limited monarchy – Radicals come to power and Reign of Terror – Napoleon comes to power • Napoleonic Code- laws made by Napoleon • Napoleon is a stabilizing force 6

Political Revolutions • Effects of the French Revolution – Democratic ideals spread through Europe – Nationalism emerges in Europe (France) • Latin American Independence (1790 s) – Toussaint L’Ouverture (former slave) breaks Haiti free from French rule – Simon Bolivar a Creole gains independence from Spain for much of South America – Jose de San Martin defeats the Spanish for independence in Argentina and Chile 7

Reaction Against Revolution • Congress of Vienna (1815) – Attempt to put Europe back the way it was before the conquests of Napoleon • Revolutions of 1830 s and 1848 – Liberals (revolutionaries) revolt against conservatives (monarchy) – Rebellions were not successful in the long term but the ideas remained 8

Reaction Against Revolution • Absolutism in Czarist Russia – Russian Czars maintained power in Russia – Feudal society continued in Russia with serfs – Russification- policy to make groups act Russian within Russian borders • Instability in Latin America – – Social injustice even with democracy Military rulers lead many nations Economies grow slowly Mexican Revolution due to unequal distribution of wealth 9

Global Nationalism • Nationalism: Love for one’s country – Revolutions in Greece, Poland, Belgium, and across Latin America • Unification Movements – Italy: Cavour and Garibaldi worked to unite all of Italy as one nation – Germany: Bismarck used war and politics to unite the German and Prussian Empires • Zionism: Desire for a Jewish homeland 10

Global Nationalism • Nationalism in Asia – India: called for self-rule and independence from the British colonizers • Indian National Congress and Muslim League worked to achieve independence – Turkey: Young Turks took control of Ottoman government • Armenian Massacre: Turks turned against Christians living in the Ottoman Empire • Nationalism and conflict in the Balkans 11

Economic Revolution • Agrarian Revolution (1750) – Increased food production through changes in farming techniques – Enclosures forced small farmers off lands – Better food created a population explosion • Industrial Revolution (1750 -1900) – Means of production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex machines – Caused by increased work force, improved technology, and new capital for investment 12

Economic Revolutions • Effects of the Industrial Revolution – Laissez-faire economics means the government does not interfere in production – Free Market or Capitalism develops – Big businesses emerge – Middle class and lower classes struggle – Urbanization- growth of cities – Poor working conditions for workers – Improved transportation (steam engine) – Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States are the most industrialized nations 13

Social Revolutions • Inspired by the hardships of the Ind. Rev. • Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest • Socialism- concentrated on interests of society – Wanted businesses and farms to belong to all the people and not just individuals • Marxist Socialism (Communism) – Karl Marx called for a revolution by the workers against the capitalists – The people should control all means of production 14

Social Revolutions • Education: Public schools were developed • Reforms – – Slavery is abolished nearly everywhere Suffrage is expanded More rights for workers Improvements in universal education • Impact of Industrialization – Migration to industrialized nations • Famine in Ireland forced Irish to leave – Development of a global economy (interdependency) 15

Japanese/ Meiji Restoration • Opening of Japan (1853) – Japan was isolated for 200 yrs. (Tokugawa) – US Commodore Perry forces Japan to open – Treaty of Kanagawa gave America trading rights with Japan • Modernization and Industrialization – Emperor Meiji worked to modernize Japan – Japan borrowed from the West the best ideas 16

Imperialism • Imperialism: – The domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country (Bullying) • Causes – Nationalism and belief in social Darwinism – Militarism- need to be stronger than others – Need for raw materials and natural resources – “White Man’s Burden” 17

Imperialism • British in India – Sepoy Mutiny- Indians refused to fight for G. B. • Scramble for Africa – European nations carved up Africa for colonies – Africans resisted fought (Boer War) • Imperialism in China – Opium War with Britain – Spheres of Influence created – Boxer Rebellion- Chinese Boxers wanted to get rid of foreigners in China 18