Unit 5 1750 1900 Industrialization and Globalization Unit

Unit 5 1750 -1900 Industrialization and Globalization

Unit 5 Themes 1. Nationalism, Revolution and Reform 2. The Industrial Revolution 3. Imperialism and Nation-State Building 4. Global Migration

The French Revolution

Causes of the French Revolution

The Enlightenment Political & Legal Equality (Rousseau) Personal Freedoms (Voltaire) Social Contract (Hobbes) Popular Sovereignty & Natural Rights (Locke) Global Influence of Enlightenment Values American Revolution

Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI

Q. What can you infer from the pie graphs on why a revolution occurred in France?

Political inequalities for Middle Class First Estate Second Estate Third Estate X X 1 Vote X X X X 1 Vote X X X= Representative X X 1 Vote

Financial Crisis During 1780 s, 50% of revenue went to pay off debts American Revolution? Lavish lifestyle of the monarchy Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788 Bread prices went up 50% in 1789 Need for tax reform Louis XVI hoped to raise taxes on the aristocracy Aristocracy resisted reforms Forced Louis to call the Estates-General for the first time since 1614

Estates General First Estate: 100, 000 Catholic clergy Did not pay taxes Second Estate: 400, 000 nobles Exempt from many taxes Third Estate: Rest of Population Sans-culottes – working class Provided bulk of French tax revenue

Discussion Questions What were the similarities between the long-term causes of the American and French Revolutions? Differences?

Phase I Moderate/liberal Goal- create constitutional monarchy

Calling of the Estates-General May 5, 1789

The National Assembly and Tennis Court Oath June 20, 1789 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen Passed by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789 Not a Constitution but a statement of general principals Defines individual and collective rights Does not address women or slavery

Marquis de Lafayette The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 1789 June 20, 1789 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Storming of the Bastille - Members of the 3 rd Estate took it over to gain gunpowder & free political prisoners - Importance = Symbolized the start of the revolution - France enters “Great Fear” – general revolts against Old Feudal Regime.

Women’s March Storming of Versailles October 1, 1789

March on Versailles Oct. 5, 1789 20

Phase II (1792 -1794) Radical Goal- a republic; eliminate monarchists and counterrevolutionaries

Radicals Take Control Arrest of Louis XVI August 10, 1792

Execution of Louis XVI January 21, 1793

Radical Reforms of the Jacobins Universal adult male suffrage Abolished slavery Fuels Haitian Revolution Universal military conscription Increased rights of women Could not participate in politics Attacked Catholicism Spirit of nationalism

“Reign of Terror” 1793 - 1794 25

Reign of Terror Led by Maximilien Robespierre According to records 16, 000+ died under the guillotine Historians estimate could be as high as 40, 000 “The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror. ”

British View of Reign of Terror

End of the Terror Robespierre is killed July 28, 1794

Phase III (1794 -1815) Conservative/reactionary Goal- To end “terror” and establish Directory

Directory and Rise of Napoleon 1799 - 1815 30

Napoleon Bonaparte Moderate government, the Directory, rules for five years following Reign of Terror Failed to solve economic problems of France Napoleon staged a coup d'état in 1799 Becomes emperor in 1804

Domestic Policies of Napoleon Maintained some rights gained during the revolution Freedom of religion Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) Schools and universities Reversed other gains Rights of women Freedom of expression Reformed economy Revised tax code Central bank

Napoleon’s Empire

Napoleon’s Failed Invasion of Russia

Napoleon’s Empire Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1812 Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia

Napoleon on Elba This should NOT be a prison

Battle of Waterloo British and Prussians Defeat Napoleon for good

Napoleon Banished to St. Helena

Napoleon’s Downfall Could not conquer British navy Guerilla movements in Spain and Portugal Failed invasion of Russia Final defeat at Waterloo

Legacy of Napoleon Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination. Napoleonic Code – great influence on modern European legal codes Spread of nationalism in Europe German and Italian unification Greek independence

Legacy of the French Revolution Global Independence movements Haitian Revolution Latin American independence • Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain Egypt broke away from Ottoman Empire Slave Trade and Slavery England abolished slave trade in 1807; slavery in 1833 Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888) Abolition of serfdom Except in Russia