Unit 5 1750 1900 Industrialization and Globalization Unit
Unit 5 1750 -1900 Industrialization and Globalization
Unit 5 Themes 1. Nationalism, Revolution and Reform 2. The Industrial Revolution 3. Imperialism and Nation-State Building 4. Global Migration
The French Revolution http: //globerove. com/france/frenchrevolution-timelineinfographic/21869#lightbox/0/ Timeline
Causes of the French Revolution
Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI
French Society First Estate: Catholic clergy . 5% pop. Did not pay taxes Second Estate: nobility 1. 5% pop. Exempt from many taxes Third Estate: Rest of Population Bourgeoisie – wealthy middle class Sans-culottes – working class Provided bulk of French tax revenue
Political inequalities for Middle Class First Estate Second Estate Third Estate X X 1 Vote X X X X 1 Vote X X X= Representative X X 1 Vote
Financial Crisis During 1780 s, 50% of revenue went to pay off debts American Revolution Lavish lifestyle of the monarchy Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788 Bread prices went up 50% in 1789 Need for tax reform Louis XVI hoped to raise taxes on the aristocracy Aristocracy resisted reforms Forced Louis to call the Estates-General for the first time since 1614
Calling of the Estates-General May 5, 1789
The National Assembly and Tennis Court Oath June 20, 1789 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Why Revolution? Revolutionaries demanded end to the Ancien Regime “Old Order” Absolutism Noble & Church feudal privileges Slogan of Revolution “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” (brotherhood)
Phase I Moderate/liberal Goal- create constitutional monarchy
Marquis de Lafayette The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 1789 June 20, 1789 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen a. based on ideas of the Enlightenment and the Declaration of Independence
Storming of the Bastille - Members of the 3 rd Estate took it over to gain gunpowder & free political prisoners -Importance = Symbolized the start of the revolution -“Bastille Day” = National holiday; July 14
Storming of the Bastille
Great Fear - France enters “Great Fear” – general revolts against Old Feudal Regime; clergy, nobility
March on Versailles Oct. 5, 1789 28
Women’s March on Versailles Storming of Versailles October 1, 1789 -Results - Royal family forced to come to Paris - Louis forced to sign new constitution - France now a constitutional monarchy
Critical Intro: Why do you think all of the events leading up to the “Reign of Terror” were viewed as “moderate” considering some of the violent actions during those events?
Phase II (1792 -1794) Radical Goal- a republic; eliminate monarchists and counterrevolutionaries
European Nations Attack France Nations (Great Britain, Spain, Arrest of Louis XVI Austria, Prussia) August 10, 1792 take advantage of instability – Attack France
Critical Intro. Why were all events up to the Arrest of Louis XVI August 10, 1792 Reign of Terror considered “Moderate”?
Radicals Take Control Arrest of Louis XVI August 10, 1792
Execution of Louis XVI January 21, 1793
Monarchy dead; Republic is born Jacobin (radical revolutionaries) Reforms Universal adult male suffrage Universal military duty Abolished slavery Fuels Haitian Revolution Increased rights of women Could not participate in politics Attacked Catholicism Spirit of nationalism
“Reign of Terror” 1793 - 1794 39
Reign of Terror Led by Maximilien Robespierre Find & eliminate enemies of the state Monarchists counterrevolutionaries As many as 40, 000 killed by guillotine video “The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror. ”
British View of Reign of Terror
End of the Terror Robespierre is killed French Revolution part 3 French Revolution part 4 French Revolution part 5 July 28, 1794
Phase III (1794 -1815) Conservative/reactionary Goal- To end “terror” and establish Directory
Directory and Rise of Napoleon 1799 - 1815 44
Rise of Napoleon Directory = Ineffective governing body following “Terror” Failed to solve economic problems of France Napoleon staged a coup d'état in 1799 Becomes emperor in 1804
Goals of Napoleon Ø increase French nationalism Ø control of Europe Ø improve education a. set up technical schools, universities and secondary schools Ø required all citizens to pay taxes Ø Establish Central Bank Ø improve the legal system a. simplified the French law code into the Napoleonic Code
Napoleonic Code, 1804 • Purpose = reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the French Rev. • Create 1 law code for France • Influenced European legal codes
Building His Empire Ø after defeating Austria and Italy, he convinced Russia to drop out of the war a. Also invaded Spain & Portugal b. Britain was left as the only country opposing Napoleon Ø Continental System – ordered all European nations to stop trade with Britain ØGoal = isolate Britain & promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe
The Continental System
Napoleon’s Empire
Napoleon’s Empire
Downfall of Napoleon Ø 1812 – Napoleon invaded Russia with a 600, 000 men Ø the Russians executed a “scorched-earth” policy = no food or shelter for French troops Ø Napoleon had to withdraw because of the harsh Russian winter Ø the Russians attacked them the whole way back Ø 500, 000 died ØFrench severely weakened = Spain, Russia, Prussia, Britain, Austria and Italy attacked France Ø March 14, 1814 – Napoleon was forced to abdicate throne and was exiled to Elba
Napoleon’s Failed Invasion of Russia
Napoleon’s Empire Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1812 Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia
Napoleon on Elba This should NOT be a prison
Final Defeat Napoleon escapes Elba Leads France for 100 days Europeans invade France & defeat Napoleon for good at Waterloo. Exiled to St. Helena
Battle of Waterloo British and Prussians Defeat Napoleon for good
Napoleon’s Downfall Could not conquer British navy Guerilla movements in Spain and Portugal Failed invasion of Russia Final defeat at Waterloo
Napoleon Banished to St. Helena
Legacy of Napoleon Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination. Napoleonic Code – great influence on modern European legal codes Spread of nationalism in Europe German and Italian unification Greek independence
Legacy of the French Revolution Global Independence movements Haitian Revolution Latin American independence • Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of Spain Egypt broke away from Ottoman Empire Slave Trade and Slavery England abolished slave trade in 1807; slavery in 1833 Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888) Abolition of serfdom Except in Russia
- Slides: 49