Unit 4 Techniques of Instructing Lesson Objectives Youll

Unit 4 Techniques of Instructing

Lesson Objectives You’ll be able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge of how, when and why to use training aids by developing aids for practice teaching session. 2. Use the 4 -step teaching learning process in developing practice teaching demonstration 3. Incorporate at least two teaching methods described in this section into practice teaching demonstration 4. Show ability to use questions effectively in practice teaching demonstration North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -2

Steps in Effective Use of Audio-Visual Aids • Planning by the instructor • Selection of the aid • Preparation of the equipment • Preparation of the student or class members • Summary of the information • Discussion of the information North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -3

Examples of Aids • Computer Projector • Flip charts • Dry-erase board • DVD • Digital Audio • Digital video • Radio North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 • • • Websites Exhibits Models Compact Disc Charts/Posters Television 4 -4

Why Use Aids • Focus attention on point being made • Generate interest • Arouse curiosity • Enhance understanding of topic • Increase retention of message North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -5

Why Use Aids (Cont’d) • May show successive steps in a process • Add believability to the message • Presentation is more fun to give • May be used where the real object cannot be shown North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -6

Questions to Ask Before Using Aids • Does it meet the objectives? • Does it support the lesson plan? • Is it current and accurate? • Does it avoid extraneous detail? North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -7

Questions to Ask Before Using Aids (Cont’d) • Is it well designed? • Can the teaching point be adequately visualized? • Can the aid be made within the organization? • Is sufficient lead time available to create the aid? North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -8

Basic Selection Guide for Aids • Select aids that fit the maturity, interest, and abilities of the group • Select aids most appropriate for the particular learning activity • Maintain a balance in the kinds of aids selected North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -9

Basic Selection Guide for Aids (Cont’d) • Select aids that compliment, rather than duplicate, other learning resources • Avoid overuse of aids • Ask yourself, “Will it advance learning? ” North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -10

A Good Visual Aid Should: • Clarify an abstract idea, show a sequence, explain a relationship • Depict hard-to-get parts, unusual parts, and things generally difficult to observe • Be large enough and clear enough to be visible North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -11

A Good Visual Aid Should (Cont’d): • Be in color for contrast, to emphasize highlights and add interest • Include only necessary explanatory written material • Attractive and professional in appearance North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -12

4 -Step Teaching/ Learning Process 1. Preparation 2. Presentation 3. Application 4. Evaluation North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -13

Preparation • Preparing the instructor • Preparing the environment • Preparing the learner North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -14

Presentation: Key Elements • Methods: ways of teaching the lesson • Lesson: material selected for a specific presentation • Lesson Plan: written document that guides the instructor through all phases of instruction North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -15

Steps in Planning the Presentation • Establish objective • Research the topic • Organize material into the three basic parts (introduction, body, conclusion) • Select instructional method • Prepare the lesson plan North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -16

Determine your Purpose • To inform, instruct, or clarify • To get people to act, believe or feel; or to persuade • To make people feel good; to entertain North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -17

Choose Main Ideas • Two or three ideas are usually enough • Consider the listener’s ability to understand the ideas • Consider the listener’s attitude toward the idea • Be sure you can make the idea clear, or prove it North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -18

Presentation Structure • Introduction • Body • Summary or conclusion North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -19

Support Material • Illustration • Specific instances • Explanation • Analogy or comparison • Statistics • Testimony • Restatement and repetition North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -20

Presentation Methods • Teaching methods and materials in which the teacher is or may be the main participant • Group discussion • Group learning (other than purely discussion) • Individual learning North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -21

Methods Where Teacher is Main Participant • Lecture • Demonstration by the teacher • Visual aids • Textbooks • Evaluation • Student-teacher planning • Use of commercial materials • Use of community resources North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -22

Group Discussion Methods • Informal discussion • Committee work • Debates • Panel • Oral reports • Role-playing • Symposium • Dialogue North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -23

Group Learning Methods • Class problems • Contests • Demonstrations • Displays/Exhibits • Experiments • Field trips • Surveys • Skits North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -24

Individual Learning Methods • • • Learning activity packages Individual counsel Supervised study Interviews Manuals and workbooks Observation Reference reading Research Work experience North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -25

Factors Affecting Method Selection • Objective - what needs to be taught • Type of student • Size of class • Available facilities • Available time North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -26

How to Hold Interest • Activity or movement • Reality and concreteness • Nearness • Familiarity • Novelty • Suspense • Conflict • Humor North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -27

How to Communicate • Directness • Posture • Movement • Gesture • Facial Expression • Your voice North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -28

Application • Have learner tell/show • Correct errors • Question learner: why, what, how? • Continue questioning until you know that they know North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -29

Application and Learning • The most effective way of learning is by doing • Repetition is necessary • It is easier to learn it right the first time than to change a wrong habit • Teach using all five senses North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -30

Evaluation • Compliment • Correct errors and re-teach • Designate to whom to go for further help • Taper off into normal supervision North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -31

Testing • A way of checking in the beginning, along the way, as well as finally, whether the learner has achieved the objectives • Not only test the learner, but the instructor’s program North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -32

Testing (Cont’d) • Tests can detect instructional flaws as well as trainee errors • Testing should be used to improve the preparation, presentation and application steps North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -33

Why Questions? • To provoke or stimulate thought • To give the students an opportunity to express themselves • To aid the teacher in assessing student progress • To aid the student in assessing personal progress North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -34

Questions Help the Instructor: • Motivate the group • Find out what learners already know • Encourage Active Participation by learners • Spot-check the effectiveness of the instruction • presented North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -35

Questions Help the Instructor (Cont’d): • Clarify a point that a student has not understood • Stress important points • Keep attention of the group • Review material originally North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -36

Effective Questions: • Should be worded so the learner cannot answer unless he or she really knows • Should be brief and easily understood • Should be limited to one main thought • Must have a specific purpose directly related to the subject being discussed North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -37

When Instructors May Want to Ask Questions • At the beginning of a lesson or topic • At the end of a specific point or issue (to touch base) • At the end of a unit or lesson (to touch base) • At any critical point • Whenever receiving negative feedback North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -38

Types of Questions • Ask-Pause-Call (APC) • Call-Pause-Ask (CPA) • Leading question • Reverse question • Relay/rebound question North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -39

Managing Questions • Asked by the instructor: • Don’t call on the same few people all the time • You aren’t training prospective lawyers, so avoid the “Paper Chase” approach • Never allow a wrong question to go uncorrected • Use questions as one tool to correct undesired student behavior North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -40

Managing Questions • Asked by the student: • Don’t dodge or face answers if you don’t know • If an individual seems to be monopolizing time by “asking too many questions, ” try to determine the cause of the problem • When a student asks a question, repeat it or rephrase it for that student’s benefit, and for your own benefit North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -41

Active Listening Skills • Encouraging non-verbal signals • Encouraging verbal signals • Restatement • Reflection • Questions • Silence • Summarize North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -42

Characteristics of Effective Feedback • It is descriptive rather than evaluative • It is specific rather than general • It focuses on behavior and actions rather than on personalities • It is directed toward behavior or actions that the receiver can do something about North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -43

Characteristics of Effective Feedback (Cont’d) • It provides only the amount of information that the receiver can use rather than the amount we would like to give • It is well timed • It is checked to ensure clear communication North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -44

Managing Yourself “In the Heat of Battle” • What are your own emotional hotspots? • Be prepared to deal with feelings - the audience’s as well as your own • Be on guard for people who like to play games • If there is disagreement, try not to back the other person into a corner North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -45

Managing Yourself “In the Heat of Battle” • Try to focus on points of agreement rather than differences • Attack problems or issues, not people • Think before speaking North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -46

Pre-Check Physical Facilities • Light • Heat • Room • Seating • Ventilation • Equipment • Materials North American Transportation Management Institute, 2021 4 -47