Unit 4 Service Planning Network Design Service Planning
- Slides: 49
Unit 4: Service Planning & Network Design Service Planning & Standards Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Outline • Quality of service basics • Service availability • Comfort and convenience • Defining quality transit service Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
QUALITY OF SERVICE BASICS Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Transit service Transit serves two populations • “Choice riders” • “Transit dependents riders” Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Performance Points of View Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Quality of Service Availability Frequency Service Span Access Comfort and Convenience Passenger Load Reliability Travel Time Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
SERVICE AVAILABILITY Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Service Availability Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Service Frequency • Frequency is the number of transit vehicles in a given period of time. • Headway is the measurement of time between transit vehicles. Headway = 1 Frequency • Frequency generally divided into 2 categories: Ø High Frequency Service: Headways less than 10 minutes Ø Low Frequency Service: Headways greater than 10 minutes Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Frequency & Wait Time • Frequency is important because it determines waiting times. • Wait time for high frequency transit is, on average, half of the headway. Wait Time = Headway 2 (That is if it’s reliable – more later) Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Service Frequency Mean Headway Passenger Perspective Operator Perspective ≤ 5 min • No schedule needed • High-density (high-ridership) • Bus bunching likely • Exclusive right-of-way highly desirable • Bunching can occur in mixed traffic • Possibly cannot add more frequency > 5 – 10 min • No schedule needed • High-density or major activity center • Bus bunching • Exclusive right-of-way desirable possible • Possible bunching • Possible to increase frequency 11 – 15 min • Need schedule • Branded as “frequent service” • Max desired wait for • Higher-density or strong anchors missed bus • Longest possible to still be BRT 16 – 30 min • Need schedule • Adapt to schedule • Typically 20 - or 30 -min headways • Moderate-density corridors • Typical commuter rail headway • Longest commuter bus headway Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Service Frequency Average Headway Passenger Perspective Operator Perspective 31 - 59 • Non-clockface headways require check schedules • Must adapt to the transit schedule • Typically 40 - or 45 -min headways • Low-to-moderate density 60 min • Minimal service for basic travel needs • Must adapt to the transit schedule • Maximum headway for fixed route bus • Low density with subsidy • Service coverage standard > 60 min • Undesirable for urban transit service • Should consider demand responsive Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Service Span is the length of time that transit service runs. Spans can be all day or can have peaks. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Hours of Service • Service at least hourly – Round (last trip – first trip + 1 hr) • Hourly-or-worse service – Count the number of departures. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Service Span Hours of Service Passenger Perspective Operator Perspective > 18 h • Full range of purposes • Replace riskier travel (drunk driving) • “Night” or “owl” • Added driver pay • Security • Route differences 15 – 18 h • Broad range of purposes • More than two drivers • Route differences 12 – 14 h • Work trips with flexibility • Two drivers per vehicle 7 – 11 h • Midday trips • Limited flexibility • One driver with gap or part-time help 4– 6 h • Some AM & PM choice • Commuter bus / rail • Part-time drivers <4 h • Lifeline service • Intra-county • Passengers plan around • Rotate drivers service Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Access • Is transit service provided near one’s desired origins and destinations? • Can one get to and from the necessary transit stops or stations? Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Walk Access • Route density – Route miles per sq mile • Geographic coverage – Percentage of service area served • Transit market coverage – Transit-supportive (high density) area served Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Actual walking distance Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Impact of Street Network Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Impact of Street Network Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Impact of Street Network Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Bike and Drive Access • Bike access – Up to 1. 25 mi for local bus – Up to 2. 5 mi for rapid transit • Auto access – Up to 2. 5 mi for park-n-ride lots Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Passenger Load Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Passenger Load Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Space Available Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Reliability Measures • • • On-time performance Headway adherence Excess wait time Missed trips Percent of scheduled time in operation Distance between mechanical breakdowns Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
WHAT IS “ON TIME”? Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Reliability Measures • On-time performance – Scheduled service (headways > 10 minutes) – % on-time vehicles – By run, by route or for system – Definition of “on-time” • Headway adherence cvh = Standard deviation of headway deviations Mean scheduled headway Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Excess Wait Time Where: tw = avg wait time (min) h = avg scheduled headway (min) cvh = coefficient of variation of headways Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Long-headway Waiting Time Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
On-time performance Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
MARTA On-time (bus) Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
MARTA On-time (rail) Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Travel Time • Number of transit vehicles needed to operate route at a given headway – Preferential treatments measured by travel time saved • Average speed allows peer routes or peer agency comparison – ridership elasticity factors • Travel time rate – 1 / avg speed – Preferential treatments Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Transit-Auto TT Ratio Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Passenger Safety & Security • • • Accident rate (accidents per distance) Passenger safety (injuries or fatalities) Percent positive drug and alcohol tests Number of traffic tickets issued to operators Number of station overruns (manually operated rail systems) Number of fires Number of crimes (crime rate) Ratio of police officers to transit vehicles Number of vehicles or stations with safety devices Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Customer Service • Service Center Measurements – Number of call missed – Response time • Compliment and complaint tracking • Passenger Satisfaction – Rider surveys Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Passenger Environment • Cleanliness and appearance • Customer information • Equipment condition • Operators or station agents Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
DEFINING QUALITY TRANSIT SERVICE Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Quality of Service Availability Frequency Service Span Access Comfort and Convenience Passenger Load Reliability Travel Time Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Elements of Good Transit Service 7 Demands of Useful Service It takes me where I want to go. It takes me when I want to go. It respects me. It is a good use of my time. I can trust it. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood It is a good use of my money. It gives me freedom (to change my plans).
Exercise comparing TCQSM & Walker Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Elements of Good Transit Service 7 Demands of Useful Service It takes me where I want to go. It takes me when I want to go. It is a good use of my time. It is a good use of my money. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood It respects me. I can trust it. It gives me freedom (to change my plans).
Elements of Good Transit Service 7 Demands of Useful Service It takes me where I want to go. It takes me when I want to go. Stops/ Stations Connectivity It is a good use of my time. Frequency Span It is a good use of my money. Speed or Delay It respects me. Fares Civility How Transit Services Them Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood I can trust it. It gives me freedom (to change my plans). Reliability Simplicity /Presentation
Elements of Good Transit Service 7 Demands of Useful Service It takes me where I want to go. It takes me when I want to go. It is a good use of my time. It is a good use of my money. It respects me. I can trust it. It gives me freedom (to change my plans). Access Stops/ Stations Connectivity Frequency Span Speed or Delay Travel Time Fares Civility Passenger Load How Transit Services Them Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood Reliability Simplicity /Presentation
STAGES OF SERVICE PLANNING Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Service Planning Steps Network design Route design and stop layout Frequency determination Timetabling Vehicle scheduling Crew scheduling Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
Reference The materials in this lecture were taken from: • Chapter 4 and 5 of the TCRP Report 165, “Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3 rd edition”, 2013 • TCRP Report 88, “A Guidebook for Developing a Transit Performance-Measurement System”. Transportation Research Board, 2003. • Walker, J. (2011). Human transit: How clearer thinking about public transit can enrich our communities and our lives. Island Press. • Hickman, Mark, Fundamentals of Transportation wikibook, “Network Design & Frequency”, http: //en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation/ Network_Design_and_Frequency • TCRP Report 113, “Using Archived AVL-APC Data to Improve Transit Performance and Management”. Transportation Research Board, 2006. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood
- Ece 526
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