Unit 4 Service Planning Network Design Route Design

Unit 4: Service Planning & Network Design Route Design Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Service Planning Steps Network design Route design and stop layout Frequency determination Timetabling Vehicle scheduling Crew scheduling Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood Adapted from Mark Hickman

Agenda • Connections • Route Design Basics • Stop Spacing Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

TRANSFERS CONNECTIONS Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Simple City Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Simple City Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Simple City Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Direct Service Option Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Connective Option Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Reasons to connect • Geometrically required • Politically required • Technologically required Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Requirements for easy connections • • • Station design Station amenities Schedule coordination Joint fares Excellent information Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Types of connections Origin / Destination Short Headway Long Headway Short Headway Case A Always short, convenient Case C Varies greatly Info required Long Headway Case B Always short, convenient Case D Variable depending on headways: 1. Equal and simultaneous 2. Equal but not simultaneous 3. Different Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Timed Transfer System • Transit arrives simultaneously • Three keys 1. Schedules prepared with network design 2. Reliable operations 3. Information and education Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Pulse Headways • Ideally repeat every hour • Two choices – 15 minutes (7. 5, 30, 45, 60) – 20 minutes (10, 40, 60) Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Source: Vuchic Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Adjusting T • Lengthen terminal times • Increase operating speed through preferential treatment • Change line length • Change number of vehicles (TU) Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Multifocal Network Source: Vuchic Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

In-class: Graphic representation of synchronized schedules Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

ROUTE DESIGN BASICS Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Trade-offs in Route Design • Stop density – passenger access vs. route speed • Route length and circuitousness – direct service vs. service reliability • Trip generators – frequency vs. coverage Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Route Length vs Access Source: Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives by Jarrett Walker Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Frequency vs Coverage Source: Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives by Jarrett Walker Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Types of Routes • Line haul - high frequency / capacity • Loops - coverage for lower-density or circulation • Short turn routes – shorter segment • Branching routes – split a route • Feeder routes – connect to line haul • Limited and express routes - improve travel times, balance loads • Zonal service - some sections Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

STOP SPACING Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Stop Density • Generally higher stop densities at higher land use density (downtown) • Lack of stops = deter ridership Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Station Planning Objectives • • • Serve major centers and transfers Minimum passenger travel time Maximum area coverage Maximum passenger attraction Minimum system cost model for optimum spacing Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Optimum Station Density Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Coverage vs Speed Source: Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives by Jarrett Walker Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Coverage vs Speed Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Impact of Stop Spacing on Speed Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Skip-stop Service Express Rapid Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood Local

Impact of Street Network Source: http: //www. humantransit. org/2011/04/basics-walking-distance-to-transit. html Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Rail Stop Spacing Environment Spacing Range Typical Spacing Urban Metro 600 m – 1200 m 900 m Regional Rail 1400 m – 1800 m 1600 m LRT 1000 m – 1500 m 1250 m Rail with P&R 1600 m – 4000 m 2000 m Vuchic, 2005, Table 5. 2 Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Bus Stop Spacing Environment Spacing Range CBD 300’ – 1000’ Urban 500’ – 1200’ Suburban 600’ – 2500’ Rural 650’ – 2640’ Typical Spacing 600’ 750’ 1000’ 1250’ TCRP Report 19: Guidelines for the Location and Design of Bus Stops Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Stop Location • Close to supportive land uses • Near intersections • Remember “Near-side” vs “Far-side” Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Conclusion • Connections allow agencies to build a more extensive network • Route design involves trade-offs in stop density, route length and circuitousness, and trip generators Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood

Reference Materials in this lecture were taken from: • Jarrett Walker, “Human Transit” (2012) • Vukan Vuchic, “Urban Transit Operations, Planning and Economics” (2005) • Mark Hickman, Fundamentals of Transportation wikibook, “Network Design & Frequency”, http: //en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_T ransportation/Network_Design_and_Frequency • TCQSM • TTI, “TCRP Report 19: Guidelines for the Location and Design of Bus Stops” (1996) Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. La. Mondia and C. Brakewood