UNIT 4 NOTEPACK States of Matter Gas Laws

UNIT 4 NOTEPACK: States of Matter, Gas Laws, and Energy

Unit 4 Objectives: 1) Describe, at the molecular level, the difference between a gas, liquid, and solid phase. (CH 10) 2) Describe states of matter using the kinetic molecular theory. (CH 10) 3) Describe changes in states of matter (s, l, g) with respect to kinetic energy and temperature. (CH 10) 4) Summarize / explain the different variables (P, V, T) that describe a gas. (CH 11) 5) Understand the law of conservation of energy in terms of gaining and losing energy. (CH 20)

OBJECTIVE 1: ● Describe, at the molecular level, the difference between a gas, liquid, and solid phase. (CH 10)

SOLIDS: Are characterized by: ● Definite shape ● Definite volume ● Particles are packed close together & vibrate (to a small degree) ● The particles vibrate (to some degree), but do NOT flow

Crystalline Solids ● Particles are arranged in an organized pattern. ● Example: Diamond

Amorphous Solids ● Particles are NOT organized in an orderly fashion. ● Example: Glass

LIQUIDS: Are characterized by: ● Indefinite shape ● Definite volume ● Liquids will take the shape of a container, but will maintain the same volume. ● Particles are packed close together (but not as close as in a solid!). ● Particles move around each other (they “FLOW”)

Viscosity: ● VISCOSITY: a liquid’s resistance to flow. Example: Maple syrup has a higher viscosity than water!

GASES: Are characterized by: ● Indefinite shape ● Indefinite volume ● Gases take the shape of a container. They also occupy the entire volume of the container no matter how big or small it is. ● High energy high level of motion in the particles / molecules of a gas!

PLASMA: ● High-energy matter (the highest!) ● A common example is the SUN! ● Super high energy gas particles that have lost electrons ● Plasma is the most common form of matter in the Universe!

States of Matter (sketch):

States of Matter Property Solid (s) Liquid (l) Gas (g) Particle Spacing: Close Great Energy: Motion: Shape: Volume: Close

States of Matter Property Solid (s) Liquid (l) Gas (g) Particle Spacing: Close Great Energy: Medium High Motion: Shape: Volume: Low

States of Matter Property Liquid (l) Gas (g) Particle Spacing: Close Great Energy: Low Medium High Motion: Low Medium High Shape: Volume: Solid (s)

States of Matter Property Liquid (l) Gas (g) Particle Spacing: Close Great Energy: Low Medium High Motion: Low Medium High Shape: Definite Indefinite Volume: Solid (s)

States of Matter Property Solid (s) Liquid (l) Gas (g) Particle Spacing: Close Great Energy: Low Medium High Motion: Low Medium High Shape: Definite Indefinite Volume: Definite Indefinite

OBJECTIVE 2: ● Describe states of matter using the kinetic molecular theory.

Kinetic Molecular Theory ● The behavior of matter in its different states can be explained using Kinetic Molecular Theory. ● Kinetic Molecular Theory – a theory explaining the states of matter based on the concept that the particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion ● Kinetic Energy – energy an object has due to its motion

Kinetic Energy and Kelvin Temperature ● As particles are heated they absorb energy, thus increasing their average kinetic energy and their temperature ● Theoretically, molecular motion stops at absolute zero (0 Kelvin) ● Kelvin temperature scale reflects the relationship between temperature and average kinetic energy ● Kelvin temperature scale is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy