Unit 4 Memory 4 28 16 Entry Task

Unit 4: Memory 4. 28. 16

Entry Task �Recall & write down the gifts in the song Twelve Days of Christmas

Part 2 Encoding

Encoding: Getting Information In �Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed. �However, new or unusual information (friend’s new cellphone number) requires attention and effort.

Automatic Processing: �unconscious information encoding of 5

Automatic Processing �We process an enormous amount of info effortlessly, such as: ◦ Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page. ◦ Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day. ◦ Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you. 6

Effortful Processing: • encoding that requires attention & conscious effort • Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories. 7

Rehearsal �Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal: conscious repetition, to maintain info in consciousness or to encode it for storage �Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 -1909)

Entry Task �Recall & write down the gifts in the song Twelve Days of Christmas 1 partridge 2 turtle doves 3 French hens 4 calling birds 5 golden rings 6 geese a-laying 7 swans a-swimming 8 maids a-milking 9 ladies dancing 10 lords a-leaping 11 pipers piping 12 drummers drumming

Rehearsal The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. 10

Memory Effects �Next-in-line-Effect: When you are so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other people around you say. 11

Spacing Effect �Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time. 12

Serial Position Effect �When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. TUV ZOF GEK WAV XOZ TIK FUT WIB SAR POZ REY GIJ Better recall Poor recall Better recall 13

Encoding �Remember Tuesday? the sentence from �The angry rioter threw the rock at the window. �We tend not to remember things exactly as they were, rather, we remember what we encoded.

Types of Encoding �Visual encoding: encoding of picture images �Acoustic encoding: encoding of sound, especially the sound of words �Semantic encoding: encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words Q: Which one yields the best memory of verbal information? A: They all have their own brain system and all can help

Encoding Meaning Q: Did the word begin with a capital letter? Structural Encoding Shallow Q: Did the word rhyme with the word “train”? Phonemic Encoding Intermediate Q: Would the word fit Semantic in the sentence: The girl put the _____ Encoding on the table. Deep

Unit 4: Memory 4. 29. 16

Entry Task �Keep your handout face down until I tell you. �Turn it over & study the two figures. �Pass the handout back in please.

Visual Encoding Imagery: mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. 19

Self-Reference Effect �Processing info in terms of selfreference, whether or not you feel that the words apply to you, produce the best recall. �More likely to remember the words that apply to you than those that don’t.

Mnemonics �memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. �Examples ◦ Method of loci (location) ◦ The “peg-word” system

Organizing Information for Encoding �Chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically �Try to remember the numbers below: 1 -7 -7 -6 -1 -4 -9 -2 -1 -8 -1 -2 -1 -9 -4 -1 �If you are well versed with American history, chunk the numbers together and see if you can recall them better: 1776 1492 1812 1941

Chunking 23

Chunking �Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior PEMDAS = Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories. 25

Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy 26

Entry Task Revisited �Please draw the two figures you saw at the beginning of class. �How do your two drawings compare? ◦ Figure B is probably more accurate �Because it was encoded both visually and semantically