Unit 4 Jeffersonian Democracy 1800 1823 Goals of

Unit 4: Jeffersonian Democracy 1800 - 1823

Goals of the Unit: • To understand how Jefferson’s effective and pragmatic policies strengthened the principles of two-party republican government, despite the many rifts between Federalists and Republicans over particular issues. • To examine how despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular and failed embargo that revived the fading Federalist Party. • To be able to explain how James Madison fell into an international trap set by Napoleon, creating increased tension between the British and Americans, leading to the War of 1812.

• To be able to explain how the American effort in the War of 1812 was plagued by poor strategy, political divisions, and increasingly aggressive British power. Nevertheless, the United States escaped with a stalemated peace settlement and ushered in an era of isolation from Europe. • To understand that the aftermath of the War of 1812 produced a strong surge of American nationalism that was reflected in economics, law, and foreign policy, but this would ultimately cause regional disputes between the North, South, and West • To recognize how Chief Justice John Marshall's Supreme Court strengthened the federal government’s power over the states during this era by supporting a "loose construction" of the Constitution.

Election of 1800 • Federalists becoming unpopular: – Alien and Sedition Acts – Adams refused war with France – Adams built up navy, but wouldn’t use it • Seen as wasting money – Federalists split: Hamilton vs. Adams • Election of 1800: Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republicans) • Commonly referred to as just “Republicans” by now • The smear campaign is born: – Dirty campaigning and damaging accusations • Adams, Hamilton, Jefferson all affected

“Revolution” of 1800 • Aaron Burr ties Jefferson with 73 Electoral votes – Vote goes to House of Reps. – After 35 ties, Jefferson wins, becomes 3 rd president • “Revolution of 1800” – Peaceful exchange of power • Significance: new democratic government system put to test and worked – Republicans viewed as the “people’s party” • Significance: people felt they had the power

President Thomas Jefferson • Inaugurated in Washington DC in March, 1801 – “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” • Stressed “moderation” between political parties • Meant to calm fearful Federalists • Set precedent for exchanges of power in future – “Honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none. ” • Correcting foreign policy mistakes of past • Image of “people’s president” • Political philosopher, idealist

Jefferson’s Presidency • Moderation stressed, but did undo some Federalist policies: – Pardoned prisoners from the Sedition Act – Scaled back Alien Act from 14 to 5 years for citizenship requirement – Removed the tax on whiskey • Only part of Hamilton’s economic plan he changed • Yearly $1 million revenue from tax lost • Sec. of Treasury: Albert Gallatin – Balanced budget and reduced debt despite struggling economy • Actions of moderation help keep two party system in tact

Power Struggle in the Judiciary • Before exiting the White House, Federalists pass Judiciary Act of 1801 – Created 16 new federal court districts • Adams fills new federal court positions with Federalist judges – “midnight judges” – Why? – Judges serve for life, ensures lasting Federalist influence • John Marshall – appointed Supreme Court Justice by Adams – Committed to Federalist agenda: strengthen federal gov’t

Marbury v. Madison (1803) • First major Supreme Court case • William Marbury – midnight judge rejected by Jefferson’s new Sec. of State James Madison – Marbury cites laws and technicalities to demand his appointed position • Case struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional • Significance: first time Supreme court used “judicial review” – courts power to review if laws are constitutional or not • In retaliation, Reps try and fail to impeach Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase • Significance: Checks and balances between branches working

Jefferson and War • Non-violent Jefferson geared America for time of peace – Downsized army and navy • North African Barbary pirates harassing U. S. trade ships • “Tripolitan War” AKA “First Barbary War” – Jefferson sends Navy to Tripoli • Officer Stephen Decatur and birth of Marines play big roles • U. S. wins war, Barbary piracy diminishes • Jefferson “cheaply” re-strengthens navy with gunboats

The Louisiana Purchase • 1800 – Napoleon gains Louisiana territory from Spain – Pinckney Treaty with Spain now void • Restricts American use of Mississippi River – Foreign Minister Robert Livingston sent to France to negotiate • Offers $10 million for small portion of land for access to Mississippi River – Napoleon offers $15 million for whole Louisiana territory • Napoleon needed consolidation and quick cash for impending conquest

The Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson split: – Pros: Would double size of country for very little money – Cons: Delegates were only authorized $10 million, sees presidential action as unconstitutional • Practicality over idealism • Decides to purchase, Senate approves – Federalists oppose purchase • More land = more settlers/farmers = more Republican support • Size of U. S. instantly doubles

Exploring the West • Jefferson sends expeditions to explore new land: – Ordered to establish friendly relations with Indians – Take notes of land, animals, plants, etc • Northern route: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark • Southern Route: Zebulon Pike

Aaron Burr Ousted • Jefferson removes Burr as VP candidate for second election • Burr conspiracies start: – Organized a secession of NY and New England • Hamilton ended the scheme by revealing plan to Jefferson

Aaron Burr Ousted • Jefferson removes Burr as VP candidate for second election • Burr conspiracies start: – Organized a secession of NY and New England • Hamilton ended the scheme by revealing plan to Jefferson – Burr kills Hamilton in duel – Organized a plan to take over land start a new nation west of the Mississippi • Jefferson arrests Burr for treason, found not guilty on technicality

Cost of Neutrality • 1803 – Napoleon begins war in Europe – Helps American economy – trade with both England & France • By 1805: British rule sea, French rule land • 1806 – Orders of Council issued by England – Any foreign ship heading to France was subject to inspection – France retaliates by declaring same treatment for ships entering British ports – America stuck in the middle • As war drags on, impressment on both sides becomes widespread • 1807 – British ship Leopard attacks American ship off Virginia – Public calls for war, Jefferson refuses

The Embargo Act (1807) (“The Damnbargo Act”) • Jefferson avoids conflict with England France by putting an “embargo” on all exports • “embargo” = official ban on trade – Forbade all exports to all nations • Economy is crippled – New England, NYC hurt most • Smuggling returns – Farmers in South and West less affected – Congress repeals Embargo Act after much protest • Non-Intercourse Act then passed in 1809 – Outlawed trade ONLY with England France

The Embargo Act • Non-Intercourse Act ineffective – Top trading partners were France and England • Failure of Embargo Act: – Jefferson underestimated… • British reliance on American trade • Effect embargo would have on economy – Lost money could have been used to bolster navy & defend American trade • One good side-effect: forced an increase in American industry

President James Madison • 4 th President • Very scholarly, small stature, great writer, poor speaker • Helped create the Republican party with Jefferson

Macon’s Bill No. 2 • Madison’s solution to the unsuccessful Embargo Act – America needs to continue trade with France and/or England • Bill proposed to reinstate trade with first country who stopped harassment and restrictions – Napoleon quickly accepts offer, trade with France resumes – Madison very suspicious of French intentions

The New Congress • By 1811, Congress had transformed – New wave of younger, more aggressive politicians • From West and South – Referred to as “War Hawks” – always pushing for war • Henry Clay – most notable “War Hawk” – Young congressman from Kentucky – Speaker of the House by age 34 • War Hawks primary issue? – Indians in the west – Wanted Indians out to encourage western settlement • Tecumseh & the Prophet – Shawnee brothers – Created coalition of tribes – Convinced other tribes not to sell land to Americans

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) • William Henry Harrison – Indiana Governor, sees Indian coalition as threat – Organizes attack and defeats the Shawnee at Prophetstown (Shawnee capital) • Harrison becomes national hero – Nicknamed “Tippecanoe” • Tecumseh allies with British year later to fight Americans…

Causes of War of 1812 • Issues with Britain becoming too problematic: – U. S. wanted “freedom of the seas” for trade • Impressment – U. S. still upset about British encouraging and aiding Indian attacks on Americans – A victory in war could give U. S. respect it needed • Madison sees war as inevitable – Asks Congress to declare war, approved • First time United States declared war • War declared on England in June 1812 – Many Indian tribes ally with England • Americans divided in support for war – West and South pro-war, Northeast very anti-war

War of 1812: Northern Theater • 1812 – U. S. makes first attack on Canada: – Fails: poorly planned and executed • Numerous small attacks, instead of few large strategic ones • Success in 1813: • U. S. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry – Leads fleet to victory on Lake Erie • Forces British out of Detroit • William Henry Harrison – Defeats retreating British at Battle of Thames • Tecumseh killed • Captain Thomas Macdonough – Stops British fleet at Lake Champlain moving towards NYC • British plan of “divide and conquer” fails (again)

War of 1812: Middle Theater • 1814 – British navy arrives in Chesapeake Bay – Defeat Americans at Battle of Bladensburg • British march towards Washington D. C. – Burn down capital • British en route to Baltimore – Stopped at Battle of Ft. Mc. Henry • “Star Spangled Banner” by Francis Key Scott

War of 1812: Southern Theater • General Andrew Jackson amasses massive, diverse army – Included blacks, pirates, French, local militias – Excellent leader, beloved by troops – Nicknamed “Old Hickory” • 1814 – Battle of Horseshoe Bend – Defeats Indians in Alabama • British target New Orleans – Strategic: trade and transportation – Jackson’s army marches to New Orleans to defend strategic port

Battle of New Orleans • Jan 8 th, 1815 • Jackson outnumbered (4, 000 to 11, 000) • Overwhelming victory for the U. S. – U. S. casualties: • 55 killed, 185 wounded, 93 missing – British casualties: • 386 killed, 1, 521 wounded, 552 missing • Greatest land victory of war – Jackson becomes a national hero • Only problem…

Treaty of Ghent • Signed on December 24, 1814 officially ending war… – Two weeks prior to Battle of New Orleans • Peace talks began in August of 1814: – After recent victories, English make bold demands – American delegates refuse • September 1814 – U. S. wins Battle of Plattsburgh – Extremely important victory – British lose leverage in treaty negotiations • Treaty signed as an armistice – Fighting ceases, no other stipulations

The Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814 – Jan. 1815) • New England Federalists take action against war – Most hurt economically by embargoes, war with England Convention held in Hartford, CT • New England delegates discuss anti-war movement – Possible secession discussed • Demanded monetary help, a 2/3 vote for all embargoes, new state admissions, or war – Protest march to D. C. fails – Significance: dooms the Federalist party

War of 1812: Results • “Second War for American Independence” • Significance: America wins respect • Effects of the war: – – Pride and unity at an all time high Federalist party doomed New war heroes are future presidents (Harrison, Jackson) Rush-Bagot agreement • U. S. and England scale down naval presence on Great Lakes • Signifies the two countries finally at peace • Napoleonic wars end – Europe at peace, America can focus on westward expansion

Newly Found Nationalism • Washington D. C. rebuilt • Military strengthened • Trade with England opens… – hurts American industry • “The American System” – Henry Clay’s economic plan 1. A strong banking system 2. A protective tariff to spark American industry 3. A strong transportation network (roads, canals) (3. heavily opposed by strict constitutionalists, South) • American cultural boom: new wave of authors, painters

“Era of Good Feelings”…? • James Monroe – 5 th President (1816) – Republican party (only party now) • More united now? • South upset about tariffs: – Only benefitted North, gouges South – North and West improving transportation – South: “those are partly our taxes!”

Panic of 1819 • Panic of 1819: – Economic recession hits • Bankruptcies, unemployment, deflation → over -speculation – Bank of the U. S. blamed (conservative credit policies) – Eastern banks and financial power would help start Jacksonian democracy • Problems effect on election of 1820…?

Westward Troubles • More states joining the union • Why expansion? – Better soil, transportation improving, Land Act of 1820, “Wildcat banks” • Method: alternate between slave state & free state – “Sectional Balance” threatened with Missouri – Tallmadge Agreement (limited slavery in Missouri) fails • South saw it as stepping stone to total emancipation • South worried about population distribution – Missouri Compromise – Missouri a slave state, Maine a free state • Line drawn to determine future states (South of line = slaves, north of line = free)

Supreme Court Tug-O-War • Chief Justice John Marshall and Lawyer Daniel Webster – federalist views – Federal Government vs. State’s Rights • Mc. Culloch vs. Maryland (1819) – Declared Bank of U. S. constitutional – “Elastic clause” • Cohens vs. Virginia (1821) – Supreme Court has power over state courts • Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) – Congress regulates interstate trade, not states • Who wins in every case? – Federal Gov’t • Three more cases would result in Federal Gov’t over State Power – South becoming worried – Slavery soon outlawed?

Foreign Policy • Sec. of State John Quincy Adams • Treaty of 1818 with England – Set up borders, shared territories • Northern border, Oregon, Newfoundland • Trouble in Florida – Central American revolutions – Spanish, run-away slaves, aggressive Indians – Jackson leads army into Florida to take control (oversteps orders) • Florida Purchase Treaty (1819) – Spain gives up Florida, small claims in Oregon, America gives up small claim in Texas

Foreign Policy • Monarchies slowly gaining power back in Europe – Russian claims in Northwest – England imperialism rising • British foreign secretary George Canning makes proposal to USA: “Neither of us should take any Latin American land” – J. Q. Adams suspicious: • “Why would the U. S. tie her hands for the future? ” – What if one day we do have an interest in Latin American land? • “Why does the U. S. need to join England in this? ” – England won’t stop shipping and trading down there whether we’re in Latin America or not • Fearing European expansion, time for the U. S. to assert some power…

Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Asserts: – Europeans cannot colonize in the Americas • “KEEP OUT of North, Central, South America” • Violation of this doctrine will call for war – Non-intervention • Europe unhappy, but respected the bold claim • Latin America unhappy as well – Already had trade with Britain – Unsure of American intent

Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Effects of the Monroe Doctrine: – Russians had already started pulling back before Monroe Doctrine • Russo-American Treaty of 1824 sets new boundary • Doctrine not a law, could be repealed at any time – Became foreign policy • New energy and nationalism