Unit 4 Georgia in a Divided Nation Chapter

Unit 4 Georgia in a Divided Nation Chapter 7: The Antebellum Era Chapter 8: A Nation in Conflict Chapter 9: Reconstruction and the New South

GPS Standard & Essential Question SS 8 H 6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on GA. A. ) Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War including slavery, states rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the GA Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over Secession in GA and the role of Alexander Stephens. Essential Question: How did national political issues lead to the decision for Southern states to secede from the Union?

Chapter 7, Section 2 The information related to the material covered for this standard can be found on the following pages: 215 -216, 220, 222 -223, and 225 -226.

What were the key issues and events that led to the Civil War? � States’ Rights � Slavery � Nullification � Missouri Compromise � Compromise of 1850 and the GA Platform � Kansas-Nebraska Act � Dred Scott case � Election of 1860

What is states’ rights? the belief that the state’s interests should take precedence over the interests of the national government

How did the North and South differ on this issue? North – in order for the U. S. to function as one Union, political decisions should be made that would benefit the entire country

The North continued � ALL states should abide by laws • Made by Congress • Signed by the president • Decreed by the courts

The South The states had a right to govern themselves and to decide what would be best for their own needs and situation.

How did the North and South differ on the issue of slavery? �The North: • One man does not have the right to own another • Economy based on manufacturing which used free labor – workers who earned wages and spent their wages in the communities where they lived • Believed that slavery should be abolished in the U. S.

The South on Slavery • Their economy was based on agriculture • The invention of the cotton gin increased the need for slave labor • Believed that the “Cotton Kingdom” could not exist without slaves

How did the North and South differ on the issue of nullification? � In the 1800 s, Congress passed several protective tariffs � A tariff is a tax on imported goods. � The South did not favor high tariffs because they had few factories and bought a lot of European goods.

How did the North and South differ on the issue of nullification? The North favored high tariffs because they had many factories and wanted everyone in the U. S. to buy from them instead of Great Britain.

• The South blamed the high tariffs for their poor economy. • They wanted to nullify the tariffs. • Nullify means to prevent the enforcement of SC decided not to collect the tariffs and threatened to secede or set up their own government outside of the Union if the federal government tried to force them to collect the tariffs.

SC decided not to collect the tariffs and threatened to secede or set up their own government outside of the Union if the federal government tried to force them to collect the tariffs. • Other southern states did not support SC • Congress passed a new law that gradually reduced the tariffs • SC repealed (did away with) their nullification

What was the Missouri Compromise? � 1819 – U. S. has 22 states – 11 free and 11 slave • Equal number of senators from slave and free states • Free states had more representatives in the House of Representatives

Enter Missouri • • Territory of Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state Congress adopted the Missouri Compromise in 1820 • Maine entered Union as free state • Missouri entered Union as a slave state

What else did the Missouri Compromise do? • • • Slavery prohibited north of 36° 30’ latitude (southern border of Missouri) No slavery permitted in the Louisiana territory west of Missouri Balance of power maintained between free and slave states

The Dred Scott Case 1834 - Dred Scott was a slave taken by his owner from the state of Missouri to the free state of Illinois and later to Wisconsin, another free state • 1846 – Dred Scott filed a lawsuit for his freedom •

Dred Scott Case cont’d. Abolitionists raised enough money to take the case to the U. S. Supreme Court • March, 1857 – U. S. Supreme Court rules that Dred Scott could not sue because he was a slave, and slaves were not citizens. • Dred Scott Courthouse in St. Louis, Missouri

Dred Scott Case cont’d �Supreme Court also ruled that Congress had no right to stop slavery in territories �The Dred Scott decision further divided the North and South and pushed them closer to war.

What was the Compromise of 1850? � 1849 – California is ready to ask for statehood; their state constitution forbids slavery � If CA becomes a state, the balance will be upset between free and slave states � Compromise bill proposed in 1850, but could not be agreed on.

Compromise of 1850 cont’d • Finally, Compromise of 1850 was passed • CA came into Union as free state • Slave trade ended in District of Columbia Henry Clay argues for the Compromise of 1850 on the Senate floor in order to avoid Civil War.

Compromise of 1850 cont’d �Texas could not annex New Mexico , so that territory was taken away from a slave state �Territories of New Mexico and Utah could decide if they wanted to be slave or free

Compromise of 1850 cont’d • • Residents of District of Columbia could keep the slaves they already had Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act stating that slaves who ran away to free states would be returned to their owners

The Compromise of 1850 in a nutshell

The Georgia Platform �Many Georgians did not like the Compromise of 1850 �Democratic Congressman Howell Cobb and Whig Congressman Alexander H. Stephens asked the citizens of GA to accept it. �The “Georgia Platform” supporting the Compromise was adopted at a convention held in the state capital of Milledgeville. �GA’s approval of the compromise was necessary if the state were to stay in the Union. Alexander Stephens

Kansas-Nebraska Act � Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska � Contained a clause on popular sovereignty – when a territory asked for statehood, the citizens could vote on whether they wanted to be a slave or a free state

Kansas -Nebraska Act • • Northerners were angry because this changed the Missouri Compromise Most people in the territories were proslavery or free soilers • Free soilers were against slavery and wanted land to be given to western settlers for farming

Kansas-Nebraska Act • • • Bloody fights broke out between proslavery and free soil groups Abolitionists promised to send antislavery settlers with guns into Kansas Missouri proslavery people promised to send men across the border to fight for slavery John Brown, leader of the Abolitionists in Kansas

Kansas-Nebraska Act There was so much violence between the proslavery and free soil groups in Kansas that the territory was called “Bleeding Kansas” • Proslavery thugs took over the polls, prevented free soilers from voting, and ensured the election of a proslavery legislature •

Kansas-Nebraska Act � Congress rejected Kansas’s bid for statehood � Southerners realized that northern votes alone could keep slave states from the Union

Chapter 7, section 5 The information related to the material covered for this standard can be found on the following pages: 245248.

Election of 1860 1854 – a new political party was formed that existed only in the free states: Republicans • 1860 – Republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for President of the U. S. •

Election of 1860 � Republican platform • • AGAINST slavery, although they said they would not try to end slavery in the slave states PRO protective tariffs PRO giving free land to western settlers PRO construction of a transcontinental railroad with one end in the North

Election of 1860 �NONE of these measures would benefit the South �The Republican party and their candidate, Abraham Lincoln, appeared to be AGAINST EVERYTHING Southerners wanted.

Election of 1860

Election of 1860

Election of 1860 � AN ELECTION REVOLUTION For the first time, a party getting votes from only one section of the nation WON the election! • Lincoln received 1. 9 million votes and was elected president • Almost all of Lincoln’s electoral votes were from free states •

Election of 1860 �Lincoln won without receiving ANY (none, zero, zip, nada) electoral votes from the South!

GA’s Reaction to Lincoln’s Election � Wherever Georgians gathered in groups, passionate discussions about secession took place. � What should GA do? � Should we stay in the Union, or do we secede (withdraw)?

The Debate Over Secession in Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown called a legislative convention to decide the question of secession. • Alexander Stephens, the U. S. Congressman from Crawfordville was against seceding. • Joseph E. Brown

The Debate Over Secession in Georgia “The first question that presents itself is shall the people of Georgia secede from the Union in consequence of the election of Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency of the United States. My countrymen, I tell you frankly, candidly, and earnestly, that I do not think they ought. ” Alexander Stephens

Alexander Stephens on secession cont’d In my judgment, the election of no man, constitutionally chosen to that high office, is sufficient cause to justify any State to separate from the Union. It ought to stand by and aid still in maintaining the Constitution of the country… � Many legislators supported Stephens; however, on Nov. 21, 1860, Governor Brown called for a secession convention. State Capitol in Milledgeville, Georgia

Secession in Georgia • • • South Carolina voted to secede from the Union on December 20, 1860. January 16, 1861 – secession convention requested by Governor Brown was held in Milledgeville January 19, 1861 – GA declared an independent republic

Secession in GA “The people of Georgia, having dissolved their political connection with the Government of the United States of America, present to their confederates and the world, the causes which have led to the separation. ”

Secession in Georgia • • By February 1, 1861, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had voted to secede from the Union. February 4, 1861 – delegates from each seceded state met in Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a new nation called the Confederate States of America.

Secession in Georgia • • • Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected president Robert Toombs of Georgia was chosen secretary of state Alexander Stephens of Georgia, who had argued so passionately against secession was named vice president � WAR WAS ONLY 2 MONTHS AWAY.

GPS Standard & Essential Question SS 8 H 6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on GA. B. ) State the importance of key events of the Civil War: include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville Essential Question: How did key military, political and economic strategies influence the outcome of the Civil War?

Chapter 8, Section 1 The information related to the material covered for this standard can be found on the following pages: 260263.

North versus South � Population � North – 22 million � South – 9 million (3. 5 -4 million slaves) � Men of Combat age � North- 4 million � South-. 8 million � Military forces � North – trained army and navy � South - none

North versus South cont’d �Factories � North – 100, 000 with 1. 1 million workers � South – 20, 000 with 100, 000 workers �Miles of Railroad Track � North: 22, 000 miles � South: 9, 000 miles �Railroad equipment � North – 96% of nation’s supply � South – 4% of supply

North versus South cont’d � Banks/Funds North – 81% of nation’s deposits South – 19% of nation’s deposits � Gold North - $58 million South – None � Farms North – 67% of nation’s total South – 33 % of nation’s total

North versus South cont’d � Agriculture/Grain North – 64% of nation’s supply South – 36% of nation’s supply � Number of draft animals (horses, mules, oxen) North – 4. 6 million South – 2. 6 million � Which side was better equipped? The NORTH

This means WAR! �The Civil War began on April 12, 1861 when the Confederates fired on the Union army at Fort Sumter, South Carolina.

Wartime Strategies: Union Blockade of Southern Ports Northern Strategy – A blockade of all southern ports �prevent the South from selling its cotton and importing needed war equipment and supplies from foreign nations.

Union Blockade cont’d � The South – used blockade runners to slip around the blockade • • and speed into and out of the blocked ports Blockade running was very profitable for the captains of the ships; many ship owners made millions of dollars As the war progressed blockade running became more and more difficult

Chapter 8, Section 1 The information related to the material covered for this standard can be found on the following pages: 266 -276. *This section is a continuation of GPS Standard SS 8 H 6, substandard B.

The War on the Battlefield Battle of Antietam - Sept. 17, 1862 � Confederate Commander - Robert E. Lee � Union Commander – George B. Mc. Clellan � Battle took place in Maryland, near the town of Sharpsburg near a stream called Antietam Creek Confederate Commander Robert E. Lee Union Commander George B. Mc. Clellan

Battle of Antietam This was Gen. Robert E. Lee’s first time to take the battle to the North • Gen. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia fought Gen. Mc. Clellan’s Army of the Potomac • It was the bloodiest one day battle of the Civil War • 26, 134 casualties after 12 hours of combat ***Go to T-Drive, GA. History, Unit 4, and click General Lee Invasion of the North Battle of Antietam*** •

Battle of Antietam Union victory • Five days after the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation • Wounded & dead Confederate soldiers after the Battle of Antietam

Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln wanted the Confederate states to end the war, return to the Union, and end 244 years of slavery Lincoln issued a deadline of January 1, 1863, for the Confederate states to surrender

Emancipation Proclamation The document stated: “all slaves in states or districts in rebellion against the United States will be thenceforth and forever free” �Lincoln was not going to make the southern states give up their slaves if they surrendered and returned to the Union; he believed slavery would die a “natural death”

Emancipation Proclamation cont’d • 4 million slaves in the U. S. would be affected • The Confederate leaders chose to to fight continue

Battle of Gettysburg July 1 -3, 1863 � The battle took place in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • Union commander: George G. Meade • Confederate commander: Robert E. Lee

Battle of Gettysburg cont’d • • • This was Gen. Lee’s second invasion of the North. The Army of the Potomac led by Gen. George Meade, collided with Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia in the town of Gettysburg. The battle lasted 3 long days.

Battle of Gettysburg cont’d • • Gen. Lee’s defeat and retreat to Virginia ended the hope for a Confederate victory. The Union Army won the battle. This was the war’s bloodiest battle with 51, 112 casualties. This battle is considered to be the turning point of the war.

Battle of Chickamauga • • Late 1863, Union forces moved against the major railroad center in Chattanooga, TN Sept. 19 -20, 1863, Union Gen. Rosecrans led his troops against Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg at Chickamauga Creek, seven miles south of Chattanooga

Battle of Chickamauga cont’d • • • Bragg’s army defeated the Union forces and forced the Union Army back into TN. Bragg did not follow up on Union retreat By Nov. 1863, Gen. Ulysses Grant had arrived in TN with more troops and recaptured Chattanooga, forcing Bragg to retreat south to Dalton, GA Confederate General Braxton Bragg

Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign • Grant left Chattanooga and moved east to attack Lee • Gen. William T. Sherman took the men left behind (112, 000) and began a campaign toward Atlanta • Sherman faced Gen. Johnston, Bragg’s replacement, and his 60, 000 troops

Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign • • Late spring, early summer of 1864 – Johnston’s and Sherman’s armies fought with major battles at Dalton, Resaca, Allatoona, Kennesaw Mountain, and New Hope Church Johnston had to retreat southward due to shortages of ammunition and men

Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign • • • As Johnston retreated, he burned bridges and blocked roads to slow Sherman’s advance June, 1864, Sherman attacked Johnston’s troops at Kennesaw Mountain and lost the battle Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy wanted Johnston to attack Sherman’s army HEAD ON Battle of Kennesaw Mountain

Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign � Johnston disagreed and Pres. Davis replaced him with Gen. Hood � July – Hood attacks Sherman losing 11, 000 men in two days � Armies continued to fight during July until Hood concentrated his troops within the city of Atlanta on July 22, 1863

Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign • Main battle of Atlanta was on July 22 • Hood hoped Sherman would follow him into the city so he could attack Sherman’s army on the left flank and rear guard • The attacks did not succeed. • Hood’s and Sherman’s armies fought through July and August

Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign • • • Hood and his men left the city on Sept. 1 after the citizens evacuated Union armies moved in and took over railroads and factories the next day Sherman and his men stayed until Nov. 15, 1863 when they set fire to the city and began their infamous

March to the Sea

Sherman’s March to the Sea • Sherman’s army moved quickly through GA heading from Atlanta to Savannah • Sherman destroyed • all military targets • civilian economic system – farms, homes, towns, railroads, bridges, roads EVERYTHING that supported the Confederate military

Sherman’s March to the Sea • The march lasted over two months and left a path of destruction through our state 300 miles long and 60 miles wide • A large area of our state was • TOTALLY DESTROYED

Sherman’s March to the Sea “If the people [of Georgia] raise a howl against my barbarity and cruelty, I will answer that war is war and not popularity seeking. ”

Sherman’s March to the Sea • Estimates of the damage from Sherman and his troops were as high as $100 million • Dec. 22, 1864 – Sherman presents the city of Savannah to President Lincoln as a Christmas gift

Sherman’s March to the Sea cont’d Sherman seized 150 heavy guns, ammunition, and 25, 000 bales of cotton • Sherman did not burn Savannah due to the large amount of cotton in warehouses and on the docks that could not be shipped due to the Union blockade of southern ports •

Sherman’s March to the Sea • • • Sherman quickly had the cotton loaded on Union ships, shipped it to the North, and sold it for $28 million When Savannah surrendered, the Confederacy was cut in half Gen. Lee was cut off from the supplies he needed to continue the Southern war effort

Sherman’s March to the Sea cont’d • The war was effectively over in Georgia • Remaining Georgians were most concerned with finding food and shelter • Factories, rail lines, mills, plantations, and farm fields lay in ruins

Andersonville • • • Prisoners on both sides of the war were treated badly by their captors At the beginning of the war, prisoner exchanges regularly took place Exchanges stopped when reports came out about Northern black military prisoners killed by their Confederate captors

Andersonville cont’d • • The most notorious Confederate prison for Union soldiers was in Andersonville, GA Prison was dirty, no real shelter for prisoners, not enough food, water, or medical supplies Most of the water was contaminated Prison was grossly overcrowded

Andersonville cont’d • • • During the fifteen months that Andersonville operated, almost 13, 000 Union prisoners died Confederate War Dept. inspected the prison due to the reports of terrible conditions The inspection team recommended moving the soldiers to better places Captain Henry Wirz

Andersonville cont’d • Prison records indicate that the commander of the prison, Captain Henry Wirz, tried to improve the conditions • Wirz was executed in 1865 for “excessive cruelty” • Today the prison is a national cemetery where 13, 700 Union dead are buried

The Civil War Ends The Civil War officially ended on April 9, 1865, when Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia.

GPS Standard & Essential Question SS 8 H 6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on GA. C. ) Analyze the impact of the Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau, sharecropping and tenant farming, Reconstruction plans, 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th amendments to the Constitution, Henry Mc. Neal Turner and black legislators, and the Ku Klux Klan Essential Question: How did political actions and social reactions change the Southern culture after the Civil War?

Chapter 9, Section 1 The information related to the material covered for this standard can be found on the following pages: 299301.

Reconstruction in Georgia and the South • War weary Confederate soldiers returned to a much different GA than the one they left: • Fields lay in ruins • Most houses were badly run down or had been destroyed • Railroad tracks lay twisted • Bridges had been burned

Reconstruction �Cotton mills and factories were closed or burned �There was not enough food and many people were starving �Many banks had closed their doors �Confederacy had a war debt of over $700 million �GA faced a debt of $20 million

Reconstruction � 125, 000 Georgians fought in the Civil War � 25, 000 died due to battle deaths and diseases �Returning soldiers could not work due to injuries �Most white Georgians struggled daily just to eat �Life was hard for the newly freed slaves also National Military Cemetery in Kennesaw

Freedman’s Bureau � Freedmen (former slaves) faced many hardships � They were homeless and uneducated � Many owned nothing but the clothes on their backs � Many wandered from place to place looking for food and work � Some searched for family members who had been sold away from them during slavery

Freedman’s Bureau �New relationships had to be formed between blacks and whites. �Former slaves feared that their old masters would try to re-enslave them �Whites found it difficult to accept former slaves as free persons, and they would NOT accept them as equals

Freedman’s Bureau � In an effort to help the struggling freedmen, the U. S. government established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March, 1865. � Purpose of the Freedman’s Bureau: to help both former slaves and poor whites cope with their everyday problems by offering them clothing, food, and other necessities.

Freedman’s Bureau �After awhile the focus changed to education. �Freedman’s Bureau set up over 4, 000 primary schools, 64 industrial schools, and 74 teacher-training institutes for young African Americans �They also spent over $400, 000 to help establish the teacher-training centers

Freedman’s Bureau � GA’s Atlanta University was opened � Morehouse College began in Augusta and moved to Atlanta in 1870 � Clark College opened in Atlanta as a school for children and became a college in 1877 Springfield Baptist Church in Augusta. Birthplace of Morehouse College

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan • President Lincoln’s plan had two steps: 1. All southerners, except for high-ranking Confederate civil and military leaders, would be pardoned after taking an oath of allegiance to the U. S. 2. When 10% of voters in each state had taken the oath of loyalty, the state could form a legal government and be readmitted to the Union

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan • • Lincoln’s assassination took place before his plan for Reconstruction went into effect. Vice-President Andrew Johnson replaced President Lincoln and so he had to take on the responsibility of preparing a Reconstruction Plan for the South.

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan • Pres. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan was much like Lincoln’s except he expanded the group of southerners who would NOT receive a pardon: • Those who had owned property worth more than $20, 000 • Those who held high civil or military positions had to apply directly to the president for a pardon

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan • Radical Republicans disagreed with Pres. Johnson’s plan because: • They were afraid freedmen would be disenfranchised (have their voting rights taken away) • They thought the South should receive a greater punishment than Johnson’s plan provided Thaddeus Stevens was the foremost Radical Republican of his time.

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan • Pressure applied by the Radical Republicans caused Johnson to modify his plan: • Southern states had to approve the 13 th amendment which made slavery illegal • Southern states had to nullify (declare invalid) their ordinances of secession.

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Southern states had to promise not to repay the individuals and institutions that had helped finance the Confederacy.

Chapter 9, Section 2 The information related to the material covered for this standard can be found on the following pages: 302 -309.

Reconstruction in GA June, 1865 – Pres. Johnson appointed a provisional (temporary) governor • October, 1865 – Pres. Johnson directed Gov. James Johnson to hold a constitutional convention in Milledgeville, GA’s capital •

Reconstruction in GA • • Convention repealed the ordinance of secession and voted to abolish slavery Delegates wrote a new state constitution Nov. , 1865 – state elected a governor, Charles Jenkins Legislature met and formally ratified the 13 th amendment

Reconstruction in GA • Dec. 1865 – Pres. Johnson removes the provisional governor and Gov. Jenkins is inaugurated • Jan. , 1866 – GA General Assembly met and elected two U. S. Senators • General Assembly votes to extend civil rights to freedmen, but wants to use the Black Codes to limit those rights Intimidating blacks from voting Republican was one of the ways Southerners hoped to limit black influence

Reconstruction in GA GA had met the requirements of Pres. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan and was now ready to re-enter the Union • However, the Radical Republicans in Congress were now in control of Reconstruction •

the th 14 Amendment When the southern states tried to restrict the rights of the freedmen, the Radical Republicans in Congress responded by passing the 14 th amendment , which granted citizenship to the freedmen and forbade any state from denying anyone the “equal protection of the law”

The 14 th Amendment • Radical Republicans said that the southern states were not “adequately reconstructed” and must ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before they could rejoin the Union. • All of the southern states, except TN, refused to ratify the amendment so Congress acted quickly to invalidate the state governments and re-establish military rule.

Constitutional Convention of 1867 • • • Fall 1867, GA held an election to determine if there should be a constitutional convention and who would be the delegates For African American males, this was the first time they were allowed to vote in GA Voters agreed to hold a convention in Milledgeville, the state capital

Constitutional Convention of 1867 • 169 delegates were elected – 36 were African American • When delegates gathered in Milledgeville, African American delegates were denied hotel rooms • General Pope ordered convention moved to Atlanta – this led to Atlanta becoming the new capital of GA

Constitutional Convention of 1867 • Delegates wrote a new constitution that gave civil rights to all GA citizens • Approved free public education for all children • Allowed married women to control their own property • GA voters approved the constitution in April, 1868

Constitutional Convention of 1867 • Delegates elected a Republican governor • For the second time, GA had met the requirements to be re-admitted to the Union • Federal troops left the state

African Americans in Politics • • • Election of 1867 – African Americans voted for the first time 29 African Americans elected to the GA senate Tunis G. Campbell, Jr. , Henry Mc. Neal Turner, and Aaron A. Bradley were the first black legislators elected in GA Henry Mc. Neal Turner

African Americans in Politics All 29 African American legislators were expelled from the GA senate in September, 1868, on the grounds that the constitution gave them the right to vote, but not the right to hold public office A sculpture outside the capitol building in Atlanta, this remembers the black legislators who were removed from office

Ku Klux Klan • • The Klan – a secret organization that tried to keep freedmen from exercising their new civil rights Began in Pulaski, TN, in 1865, as a social club for returning soldiers Quickly changed into a force of terror The members dressed in hoods so no one would recognize them

Ku Klux Klan Terrorized and intimidated African Americans to keep them from voting • Wanted to return control of the GA government to the Democrats • Numerous reports of beatings, whippings, and murders •

Ku Klux Klan • • • Klan terror tactics kept many African Americans from voting in the presidential election of 1868 GA Gov. Bullock appealed to the federal government for help Congress passed the GA Act, which returned GA to military control for the third time.

15 th Amendment • • Congress passed the 15 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution in 1868, which gave ALL male citizens the right to vote. The GA Act required GA to ratify the 15 th Amendment before the state could again be readmitted to the Union African Americans celebrating the 15 th Amendment in the streets of New York City

Reconstruction ends in GA • • • GA Supreme Court ruled that blacks were eligible to hold political office January, 1870 – GA General Assembly reseated the African American representatives that had been expelled in 1868 Legislature approved the 14 th amendment and ratified the 15 th amendment

Reconstruction ends in GA GA was re-admitted to the Union for the final time in July, 1870 • Two GA senators were seated in the U. S. Congress • Reconstruction was finally over for GA •

Economic Reconstruction in GA • • GA was still an agricultural region during Reconstruction The end of the large plantation system brought about a new way of farming in GA

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming • • Planters and farmers needed laborers to work their land Sharecroppers had nothing to offer but their labor • Landowners provided land, a house, farming tools and animals, seed, and fertilizer

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming • Workers agreed to give the landowners a share of the harvest • Until workers sold their crops, landowners let them have food, medicine, clothing, and other supplies at high prices or on credit – buy now, pay later • After selling the crop and paying bills, sharecroppers had very little cash left

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming • • • Landowners and store owners many times cheated the sharecroppers Year after year, sharecroppers were in debt They had little hope they could ever save enough to buy their own land equipment A cotton sharecropper in Georgia and her home in the background.

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming • Tenant farmers usually owned some agricultural equipment and farm animals. • They bought their own seed and fertilizer. • At the end of the year, tenant farmers either paid the landowner a set amount of cash or an agreed-upon share of the crop.

Sharecropping and Tenant Farmers Because tenant farmers owned more than sharecroppers, they usually made a small profit. • The lives of sharecroppers and tenant farmers was very hard. • Tenant farming and sharecropping allowed landowners to keep their farms in operation without spending money for labor. •

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming • Many landowners had to borrow money to buy seed, farm tools, and fertilizer on credit. • The interest they had to pay on their loans cut into their profit. • The soil was ruined by growing cotton and tobacco in the same fields year after year. • Many landowners, like the tenant farmers and sharecroppers, became poorer each year.

GPS Standard & Essential Question SS 8 E 1: The student will give examples of the kinds of goods and services provided in GA in different historical periods. SS 8 E 2: The student will explain the benefits of free trade. A. ) Describe how Georgians have engaged in trade in different historical periods. Essential Question: How did political actions and social reactions change the Southern culture after the Civil War?

Chapter 7 The information related to the material covered for this standard can be found on the following pages: 221.

Economy of the South � Slavery damaged the overall economy of the South throughout the 1800 s. � The South had an agricultural economy based on two main products – food and cotton � On large plantations, 40% of crop value came from food production � Southern cotton was still the nation’s #1 export.

Southern Economy �Cotton was sold to northern and European markets �As long as the demand for cotton remained high, the prices of cotton remained high and provided incentives for southern plantation owners to continue to plant cotton

Southern Economy �Cotton was labor intensive, requiring large groups of workers who worked in “gangs” or “teams” �This gave plantation owners an incentive to continue to use slave labor. �In GA, cotton was King and the state’s economy was tied to cotton production

GA Economy, Post Civil War and Reconstruction • Increasing cotton production brought industry to some parts of GA • Northern investors put money into building textile mills • Banks began to reopen and were able to loan money to merchants and businessmen

GA Economy, Post Civil War and Reconstruction �By the late 1860 s, dry goods stores, shops, and hotels were again in business �Atlanta was rebuilt and grew rapidly after it became the state capital �Railroads expanded at this time Photo from page 310 of your textbook.

GA Economy, Post Civil War and Reconstruction �In the 8 years immediately following the war, rail companies laid 840 miles of track in GA �Rail lines began to compete with each other �Savannah again became the major port for exporting cotton �Things were looking up in GA!

Feliz Navidad