Unit 4 Exam Preparation Industrialization and Globalization 1750

Unit 4 Exam Preparation: Industrialization and Globalization 1750 -1914

What was the chief intellectual cause of the French and American Revolutions?

The Enlightenment

What were the forces of change in Europe between 1750 and 1914?

Enlightenment 2. Increasing wealth 3. Success of business classes 4. population increase 5. Industrialization 6. mechanization 1.

What were the characteristics of the American Revolution?

American Revolution Review u Participation in 7 -Years War -Global u Unhappy with Colonial Rule u Influenced by the Enlightenment u Idea of self determination and u Natural Rights of “Man” u Model of others- esp. Latin America

What were the causes of the French Revolution in 1789? "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" SLOGAN OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION MEANT DIFFERENT THINGS TO DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PEOPLE

1. the inability of the French government to reform itself. 2. a massive debt and an unfair tax system 3. a desire to limit the powers and rights of the king, nobles and clergy. 4. had harvests and rural peasant unrest. 5. Wide social and economic gap between the 3 rd estate and the 1 st estate. 6. Influence of the Enlightenment

Members Needs clergy less than 1 % A decrease in the power of the Monarch and increase in their political power. Maintain their property rights Nobility less than 2 % To maintain their current position 3 rd estate 97 % upper doctors, merchants Political Power to match their economic power which meant the elimination of the Monarch 1 st estate 2 nd estate less taxes and lower rent middle artisans lower peasants Rewards for their work and food on the table

After the French Revolution, what replaced the older European loyalty to establish religions and God?

Nationalism and loyalty to the nation-state

What was the major reason that colonial elites chose to replace the Articles of Confederation with the US Constitution?

the inability of the central government to put down rebellion and settle disputes between the states.

What were the demands of women’s rights movements in the Americas during the 19 th century?

1. voting rights 2. economic opportunity 3. educational opportunity 4. safer conditions for women working in factories.

Which Revolution was the first successful revolution instigated by slaves in 1803?

Haitian Revolution

What started the Latin American Revolutions th in the 19 century?

Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal left his French troops in Latin American vulnerable to the attacks that spurred independence movements in the 19 th century.

Describe the relationship between the American and French Revolution.

1. 2. 3. 4. French philosophers, such as Montesquieu, influenced the shape of the new American government. The financial burden of aiding the American Revolution became a factor in causing the French Revolution. French revolutionaries were inspired by the success of the American Revolution. Thomas Jefferson helped write France’s Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

Which peace settlement in 1815 safeguarded Europe’s conservative political th order in early 19 century Europe?

The Congress of Vienna u The leaders of Europe gathered to settle peace after the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon. u Leaders redrew the map of Europe u Pre-revolutionary governments restored u Leaders agreed to cooperate in preserving the military diplomatic balance of power. u Helped keep the peace until the early 1850 s.

Why did the Industrial Revolution occur first in Britain?

u Geographic factors – Access to water – Availability of natural resources such metallurgy – Enclosure movement u u u Richard Arkwright pioneered the factory system People in England enjoyed a higher standard of living than most people Support of Parliament and a favorable political climate Foreign policy based on commercial needs Large population u u u u Overseas territories Aggressive capitalism which led to a growing supply of surplus capital London was already a center of world trade Entrepreneurs came from different social classes Enlightenment Ideas Absence of a system of tolls and tariffs Building of turnpikes and canals prior to the Industrial revolution

How did the Enclosure Movement affect the Industrial Revolution?

• The Enclosure Movement was the taking of public farming lands and selling them to wealthy landowners. The impoverished farmers were forced to relocate to the city. It drove peasants off their land created the workforce need for factories and minds.

What innovations spurred the Industrial Revolution?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Division of labor Factory system which Mechanized the production process Increase in the manufacture of iron Use of the steam engine Telegraph, which modernized communication Interchangeable parts Railroads

What was the most dramatic environmental change that took place in industrializing European nations?

The Growth of Cities Population growth led to urbanization. u Population growth and urban concentration affected the environment by creating pollution, which reached unprecendented levels. u

What are the characteristics of Marxist doctrine?

1. Communism is a form of socialism 2. The struggle between propertied classes and labored classes is the determining force in all human affairs. 3. People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.

What was Russia’s attitude toward Western Europe in th the 19 century?

Russia slowly recognized the importance of industrialization and modernization, but monitored western ideas closely. Heightened threat of western influence u Had to accept Western advisors and other intrusions u Managed to launch significant industrialization and make other changes designed to strengthen their political social systems u

What European Revolutions were influenced the most by the Industrial Revolution?

The European Revolutions of 1848 - 1849 Conflict between liberals and conservatives u Occurred in France, Germany, Italy and Austria u France became a republic, got rid of monarchy u Germany unified as a result of their revolution u No revolution took place in Britain in the 1800 s u

Which European nation benefited the most from industrialization and nationalism?

Germany u German unification by Otto von Bismarck through policy of blood and iron – Germany unification is the best example of the emergence of 19 th century nationalism based on language Fought wars with Denmark, Austria and France u Germany began building an overseas empire in Africa and the Pacific in an attempt to catch up with imperial powers like Britain and France u

Which war revealed th Russia’s 19 century underdevelopment, thereby pushing them toward industrialization?

Crimean War u Russia instigated a minor war with the Ottoman Empire in 1853 u Britain and France, unsatisfied with the diplomatic maneuverings of the sultan, came to the Ottoman Empire’s aid u Showed that the West won the war not because of great tactics or inspired principle, but because of their industrial advantage.

Describe Japanese Imperialism.

Meiji Restoration u Meiji emperor, who ruled from 1867 to 1912, and his officials encouraged the transformation of Japan’s agrarian economy into a developed industrial one. This is known as the Meiji Restoration. As a way to smooth over strains within Japanese society caused by the Industrial Revolution, the government supported nationalism and foreign expansion. u Government supported: – transportation and communication networks were improved by means of large governmental investments. – Prospering of business and industries, especially large, powerful family businesses called zaibatsu. The textile industry grew the fastest, remaining Japan’s largest industry until World War II.

What led to the expansion of and increasing intervention by governments in th society in the 19 century?

1. Social questions u u Child labor Working conditions Demands for reform 3. The need for money to support the construction of railroads 2.

What was the Berlin Conference?

International conference called to avoid bloodshed over the partition of Africa. Took place in Germany u No Africans attended u called for free trade u u Took 20 yrs. to colonize almost the entire continent, with the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia u Established new borders with little regard for traditional patterns of settlement or ethnic boundaries Africa was rich in natural resources such as arable land, diamonds and gold.

Why was the Ottoman Empire called “The Sick Man of Europe”?

The empire, which once included parts of eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, was in a state of decline. u u u Steadily losing territory Constantly interfered with by European powers Nationalistic movements of imperialized territories like Greece European governments and financial institutions funded Ottoman attempts at industrialization and used the increasing debt to exert a large amount of control over Ottoman internal policies.

Describe the British Empire during the latter half of the th 19 century.

“The sun never sets” on the British Empire u European countries started the land grab and Britain followed fearing Germany and France u Acquired African empire at the Berlin Conference u u Acquired India following successful wars against France for South Asian possessions Encouraged their colonies to remain dependent on their mother countries. Southeast Asia had been almost completely colonized by the end of the 19 th century, except for Thailand.

Describe US Imperialism.

u u u US started its empire when it purchased Alaska from Russia. US intervened in a revolt in Hawaii in 1893, and brought the islands under US control 5 years later US Victory in the Spanish-American war turned the US into an imperial power as it gained Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. – The US had initially entered the war to help Cuba gain its Independence from Spain u u US encouraged a Panamanian revolt against Colombia in 1903, and gained control to the Panama Canal zone. Dollar Diplomacy used to dominate the governments and economies of other Latin American governments.

Describe Imperialism in India

u u Mogul empire weakened and the British and French East India Company gained strength The major aim of the British East India company was to make money from the sell of cotton cloth, silk, and sugar to other countries – built telegraph, railroad and irrigation systems and – set up post offices and schools – organized a large army of Indian soldiers called sepoys u Sepoy Mutiny – Resentment of British turned into a violent revolt in 1857 – The sepoys killed British officers and captured the Indian capital – The British with great difficulty and reinforcements from home put down the rebellion in 1858. – After the Sepoy Mutiny, British government took over the administration of India

Describe Imperialism in China

u u Practiced a policy of China had not started to isolationism industrialize by the 19 th century u Taiping Rebellion Dynastic cycle had ended. Modern – 1850 imperialism in China began with – Rebels wanted to overthrow the Opium War – 1839 -1842 – British traders were selling opium, an addictive drug, and many Chinese became addicted – Chinese officials tried to stop the opium trade to China – China was defeated – Treaty of Nanking u u Forced China to open its doors Granted European extraterritorality the emperor because Manchu had allowed China to become weak – In the middle of the civil war Britain attacked China again for more trade rights – 20 million were killed or died from disease – Began a powerful reform movement which strengthened China Boxer Rebellion a group of Chinese terrorists who hated foreigners and wanted to drive out all “foreign devils” killed a number of westerners in China around 1900. It was suppressed by international forces of US, Germany, Britain & Japan Chinese inability to reform or modernize was due to the elites and the dowager empress, who would allow nothing to limit their authority

How did Japan show its military success and its growth as a colonial power?

u Sino-Japanese War – 1894 -198, victory over China in a war fought for Korea u Boxer Rebellion – Japan part of an international force used to suppress Chinese rebels in the Boxer Rebellion u Russo-Japanese War – 1904 -1905 Japan fought Russia over portions of China