Unit 4 Coordination Subordination 4 1 Introduction 4

Unit 4: Coordination & Subordination 4. 1. Introduction 4. 2. Coordination 4. 3. Subordination 4. 3. 1. Nominal Clauses 4. 3. 2. Adverbial Clauses

4. 1 Introduction • So far: simple clauses/sentences: 1 clause with constituents (S, O, A, etc) realized by phrases. • From now on: syntactic ways of expanding simple clauses: combinations of clauses.

4. 1 Introduction (cont. ) Two approaches: • Traditional analysis: eg. Quirk et al. (1985), 2. 11 -24; 13. 2 -42; 14. 1 -9; 14. 40 -41 • “Clause Complex” analysis: eg. Downing & Locke pp. 275 -278

4. 1 Introduction (cont. ) Traditional analysis (Quirk et al. , 1985) Distinction clause / sentence: l ‘Clauses’ combine to form ‘sentences’: l – Compound sentences: – Complex sentences: l Based on: ‘constituency’

4. 1 Introduction: Traditional analysis (cont. ) l Compound sentences: combination of clauses by means of ‘coordination’ – Coordination as a kind of ‘paratactic connection’ (= equal status of elements): – Syndetic: John bought the tickets and Mary parked the car) – Asyndetic: John bought the tickets; Mary parked the car) – Other ‘paratactic’ connections: – Apposition: He has a summer job with a travel agency, guiding parties of tourists. – Quotation: She said: “Love me or leave me”

4. 1 Introduction: Traditional analysis (cont. ) l Complex sentences: combination of clauses by means of ‘subordination’ – Subordination as a kind of ‘hypotactic connection’: unequal status of elements): one depends on the other (which usually means that the dependent or subordinate element is a constituent within the superordinate one): Why he resigned was never discovered (Sub. Cl as S) She explained that the machine was out of order (Sub. Cl as O) While John bought the tickets, Mary parked the car (Sub. Cl as A)

4. 1 Introduction: Traditional analysis (cont. ) l Traditional analysis based on ‘constituency’ S S Cl Cl 1 Cl 2 A S P O Cl NP VP Cl

Sentence : • the highest grammatical unit; • the result of combining clauses by means of either coordination (‘Compound Sentence’ or subordination (‘Complex Sentence’). Main CL : • a clause that is not subordinated to any other clause. • A main clause may contain subordinate clauses.

Superordinate Cl : • a clause that contains a subordinate clause realizing one of its syntactic constituents; • a superordinate clause may itself be subordinated to another superordinate clause.

Matrix Cl : • That part of a complex sentence (in Quirk’s sense) that remains when Subordinate Adverbial Clauses, (specially if they are Disjuncts or Clause Adjuncts), are removed.

He denied that he had threatened to gas his family in case they tried to escape COMPLEX SENTENCE MAIN / SUPERORDINATE CL S P Sentence : Main CL clausegrammatical that is not subordinated to any other clause. Traditional approach: the: ahighest unit : the result of combining clauses by A main clause may contain subordinated Superordinate Cl : clauses, means of either coordination (‘Compound Sentence’ or subordination (‘Complex Sentence’). which case it is called ‘complex sentence’ Quirk) ; a clause thatincontains a subordinate clause realizing one(by of its syntactic constituents ; if the a main clause does not contain subordinated clauses, is called a ‘simple sentence’ superordinate clause may itself be subordinated to itanother superordinate clause. OD SUBORDINATE / SUPERORDINATE CL S P OD had theatened SUBORDINATE CL / SUPERORDINATE CL P OD A SUBORDINATE CL / SUPERORDINATE CL S P they tried OD to escape SUBORDINATE CL

You must never get past the door because you will be electrocuted ifyou try You must never get past the door because youwillbe be electrocuted ifif try You must never get past the door because you try COMPLEX SENTENCE MAIN / SUPERODINATE CLAUSE MATRIX CLAUSE Matrix Cl : That part of a complex sentence (in Quirk’s sense) that remains when Subordinate Adverbial Clauses, (specially if they are Disjuncts or Clause Adjuncts), are removed You must never get past the door SUBORDINATE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE MATRIX CLAUSE SUBORDINATE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE because you will be electrocuted if you try

4. 1 Introduction (cont. ) An alternative view: the “Clause Complex” analysis (Downing & Locke pp. 275 -278)

John bought the tickets then started back across the road without looking to right or left and he was knocked down by a and bus (he was) badly injured just as he was reaching the other side While Mary was parking the car John bought the tickets then started back across the road without looking to right orstarted left and just as then back While Mary was parking the car, While John bought the tickets then started back across the road without looking While. Marywas wasparkingthe thecar, John bought the tickets then started back across heright was or reaching the other side hereaching was knocked to left and just as he was thehe the road without looking to right or left and just as he was reaching the other side down by a bus and badly injured across the road without looking to right or left and just as he was reaching the other side he was knocked down by a bus and badly injured other side he was knocked other side he down by by a badly bus (he was) he wasknocked down a businjured and down by badly a businjured and badly injured

Unsurprisingly, when I ask the Filipino girl if she likes living in Dubai, she cautiously says it's all right but then, when I persuade her to be frank, she dares saying what she really thinks and admits she finds it terrible because everything is fake there. Traditional Analysis Compound S , , . Complex S 1 but Compound S 2 Complex S 2. 1 and Complex S 2. 1