UNIT 3 Genetics and Biotech Bio 30 GB

UNIT 3 Genetics and Biotech • Bio 30 GB 2 Investigate how genetic information is stored, transmitted and expressed at the molecular level. • Bio 30 GB 1 Explore classical (i. e. Medelian) and current(i. e. chromosomal) understandings of biological inheritance. • Bio 30 GB 3 Explore the impacts of historical, current and emerging biotechnologies on self, society and the environment.

A The Structure of DNA

Scientists who discovered the structure of DNA

Oswald Avery • Avery’s team determined that genes are composed of DNA

Erwin Chargaff • Chargaff discovered that DNA has the same amount of adenosine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine. A = T and G = C AA AA T TT T T TT C CC G G G

Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins • Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix.

Watson and Crick • Watson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA. They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Rosalind had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously.

DNA is a Nucleic Acid • Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds.

• Nucleic acids contain C, H, N, O, P • Are made up of nucleotide monomers sugar nitrogen base phosphate • Store genetic information • Help make proteins • Examples: DNA & RNA Deoxyribo. Nucleic Acid

DNA Structure nucleotide phosphate sugar nitrogen base PO 4 (the 5’ end) 5 The numbers N base are the 4 Sugar 1 positions of the carbons 3 2 Deoxyribo. Nucleic Acid on the sugar. (the 3’ end)

A NUCLEOTIDE 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5 -Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. 1. 3. Nitrogen Base 2. O O P O 3. 1. 2. O C H 2 C H 3 C O CH HC C H CH HO H O O C CH N N C O H

Nucleotides • There are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides. Purines Adenine A Guanine G N base Pyrimidines Thymine T Cytosine C

Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules • Adenine always bonds with thymine. • Adenine (A) to Thymine (T) A T The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds G C • Guanine always bonds with Cytosine. • Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C)

Pairing DNA Nucleotides Nucleotide P S N-b C G Rule A A to T A C to G T G

DNA DOUBLE HELIX 5’End 3’End ladder shaped molecule 3’End 5’End

What is RNA? • RNA stands for Ribo Nucleic Acid • RNA is DNA’s “helper” molecule. • RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid • Made up of monomers called nucleotides sugar phosphate nitrogen base

RNA Nucleotides • A - Sugar (ribose) sugar • B - Phosphate nitrogen base • C - Nitrogen base phosphate B Name the parts of the nucleotide. A C

RNA • Identify the parts of the RNA strand. Nitrogen Base Sugar (ribose) Phosphate Group

Rules for Base Pairing • Cytosine pairs with Guanine C = G • Adenine pairs with Uracil A = U Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine)

Rules for Base Pairing • C = G • A = U 3’ DNA strand C G A U G C T A RNA strand 5’ DNA strand

What is the function of RNA? • Carries DNA’s message code • Helps make protein • Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (m. RNA) • Transfer RNA (t. RNA) • Ribosomal RNA (r. RNA)

Comparing DNA & RNA DNA RNA Sugar is deoxyribose √ Sugar is ribose √ Adenine base is present √ √ Cytosine base is present √ √

Comparing DNA & RNA DNA Guanine base is present Thymine base is present √ √ √ Uracil base is present Shape is double helix RNA √ √

Comparing DNA & RNA DNA RNA Shape is single stranded Located in nucleus √ √ √ Located in cytoplasm Stores genetic information √ √

Comparing DNA & RNA DNA RNA Functions in protein synthesis √ Composed of nucleotides Template for synthesis of proteins Transcribes the Template More than one type √ √ √

Video Nucleic Acids https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=NNASRk. IU 5 Fw&t=5 s