UNIT 3 CELL STRUCTUREFUNCTION AND BIOENERGETICS PART I

UNIT 3: CELL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION AND BIOENERGETICS PART I

LEQ – What is the Cell Theory and why is it important to our understand of cells?

Bell Ringer - DO NOT WRITE QUESTION, BUT CREATE CHART IN ANSWER BLOCK. • For the following items, list the ones that are made of cells in the appropriate category and ones that aren’t made of cells in the appropriate category and justify your decision. Brick Dandelion Glass Virus Stone Baseball bat MADE OF CELLS: NOT MADE OF CELLS: Justification: Beetle

I. Cell Discovery Review • A. Robert Hooke • B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek • • 1. Discovered cells in slices of cork (1665) 1. First to observe living cells in microorganisms (1675) through his own microscope inventions • C. Matthias Schleiden • D. Theodor Schwann • E. Rudolf Virchow • • • 1. German Botanist 2. Concluded that all plants are composed of cells (1838) 1. German Zoologist 2. Concluded that all animals are made of cells (1839) 1. German physician 2. Determined that cells only come from other cells (1855)

II. Cell Theory Review • A. Cell theory 1. All living organisms are made of one or more cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and cells come only from pre-existing cells • 2. EXCEPT VIRUSES NOT MADE OF CELLS • • B. Cellular Basis of Life - All living things: • • • 1. Are made of organized parts 2. Obtain energy from their surroundings 3. Perform chemical reactions 4. Change with time 5. Respond to their environment 6. Reproduce • C. All living things are made up of one or more cells • D. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life

Extended Thinking • In the space below, brainstorm ideas as to why you think it took so many years for cells to become discovered.

LEQ – Describe the features that ALL CELLS have in common.

I. Cell Unity and Diversity • A. All cells contain: • 1. Genetic Material • 2. Cell Membrane • 3. Ribosomes – needed to make proteins! • 4. Able to replicate • 5. Cytoplasm

I. Cell Unity and Diversity Continued • B. Size • 1. limited by surface area to volume ratio • 2. linked to function • 3. Prokaryotes – smaller size • 4. Eukaryotes – larger cell size • C. Shape • 1. linked to and reflects its function

II. Basic Parts of a Cell • A. Three basic parts of a cell • 1. Plasma membrane (cell membrane) • a. Cell’s outer boundary covers a cell’s surface and acts as a barrier between the inside and the outside of a cell • 2. Cytoplasm • a. Region of the cell that is within the plasma membrane and that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus • 3. DNA Control Center • a. Membrane-bound organelle (nucleus) that contains a cell’s DNA (eukaryotes) • b. DNA floats freely in some organisms (prokaryotes)

Quick Review: Write your response below • List the features of a cell that are common to ALL cells.

Bell Ringer – DO NOT WRITE • Why would flesh eating bacteria, which can kill you, have less diversity and fewer organelles than a sea turtle?

LEQ – Differentiate organelles that belong to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, and both cell types.

I. Cell Diversity and Organization • A. Organelles • 1. Cell component that performs specific functions for the cell • B. In multicellular eukaryotes • 1. cells tissues organs organisms organ systems • C. In unicellular organisms: • 1. Can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic • 2. Do not have tissues, organs, etc.

II. Types of Cells • A. Prokaryotic • 1. No nucleus or membrane bound organelles • 2. DNA in nucleoid • 3. Divided into two domains • a. Bacteria – organisms similar to 1 st cellular life forms • b. Archaea – thought to be more closely related to eukaryotic cells found in other kingdoms • B. Eukaryotic • 1. Unicellular or multicellular • 2. Nucleus and membrane bound organelles • 3. Larger than prokaryotic cells… Why?

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Characteristic Prokaryote Eukaryote Cells are enclosed within a plasma membrane Yes Cells contain DNA. Yes Cells contain ribosomes. Yes Cell membranes are surrounded by a cell wall. Yes Plants, most fungi, and some protists Cells contain a nucleus. No Yes Includes unicellular organisms Yes Includes multicellular organisms. No Yes All cells are able to perform all functions necessary for life. Yes No

Quick Review • Create a Venn diagram with Eukaryotic cells on the left, Prokaryotic cells on the right, and shared features in the middle. • Plasma (cell) membrane • Cytoplasm • Membrane-bound organelles • Nucleus • Ribosomes • Smaller cell size • Larger cell size

Bell Ringer – DO NOT WRITE • Here’s a scenario: Your final exam is hidden in one of these two rooms. If you can find it, then you don’t have to take the exam. Justify why it would be easier to find the final exam in the neat and orderly room vs. the disorganized one.

LEQ – Distinguish between the various types of organelles within cells.

I. Cell Features and Organelles • A. Plasma Membrane • B. Nucleus • C. Mitochondria • D. Ribosomes • E. Endoplasmic Reticulum • F. Golgi Apparatus • G. Vesicles • H. Cytoskeleton

A. Plasma (Cell) Membrane • 1. Creates a semipermeable barrier around the cell • a. Allows the passage of certain molecules • b. Excretes waste • c. Separates the cell from external environment • d. In plants and animal cells • 2. Membrane Lipids • a. Cell membranes consist of a phospholipid bilayer • 3. Membrane Proteins • a. Cell membranes often contain proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer

A. Plasma Membrane: Fluid Mosaic Model • 4. Fluid Mosaic Model • a. States that the phospholipid bilayer behaves like a fluid more than it behaves like a solid • b. Fluid – proteins and lipids in membrane can move • c. Mosaic – many different parts

B. Nucleus • 1. Directs the cell’s activities and stores DNA • 2. Found in all eukaryotes (plant and animal cells) • 3. Chromatin - thread-like material containing DNA • a. Condenses to become chromosomes (structures in nucleus made of DNA and proteins) during mitosis (cell division) • b. In plant and animal cells • 4. Nuclear Envelope - double membrane that surrounds the nucleus • a. Protects nucleus • b. Selectively permeable • c. In plant and animal Cells • 5. Nucleolus - makes ribosomes • a. Found in plant and animal cells • b. Place where DNA is concentrated when it is in the process of making ribosomal RNA

C. Mitochondria • 1. Harvest energy from organic compounds and transfer it to ATP • a. Center for cellular respiration (makes energy = ATP) • 2. Found in plant and animal cells

D-F. Ribosomes, ER, and Golgi Apparatus • D. Ribosomes • 1. Either free or attached to the rough ER and • 2. Make proteins • 3. In plant and animal cells • E. Endoplasmic Reticulum • 1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough ER) • a. Prepares proteins for export or insertion into the cell membrane • b. Rough because it contains ribosomes • 2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER) • a. Builds lipids and participates in detoxification of toxins • 3. Transport proteins to Golgi apparatus • 4. In plants and animal cells • F. Golgi Apparatus (Think of as a UPS warehouse) • Process, package, and secrete products (via vesicles) out of the cell • In plant and animal cells

Quick Review: Write your response below • What is the function of the ER? What is the difference between rough and smooth ER? • Write down 2 more organelles and their functions.

G. Vesicles • 1. Pinch off of the Golgi apparatus with product inside • 2. Fuse with cell membrane to allow the product to leave the cell • 3. Found in plant and animal cells • 4. Types of vesicles: • a. Lysosomes 1. Contain digestive enzymes for food and waste decomposition • 2. Programmed cell death (“suicide sacs”) • 3. In plant and animal cells • • • b. Peroxisomes - detoxification enzymes 5. Role in protein synthesis: • a. Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles work together to transport proteins to their destinations inside (enzymes like lysosomes and peroxisomes) and outside the cell

H. Cytoskeleton • 1. Made of protein fibers that help cells move and maintain their shape • 2. Gives shape through: • 3. Cilia • 4. Flagella • 5. Centrioles a. Microtubules – hollow tubes that hold organelles in place b. Microfilaments – long threads of beadlike protein that help with cell movement • c. Intermediate filaments – rods that anchor nucleus and some other organelles to their places inside the cell • • • a. Tiny hairs on the surface of a cell for locomotion b. Animal only a. Whip-like tail used for locomotion b. Animal only (sperm) a. Consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are involved in cell division • b. Animal only •

II. Unique Features of Plant Cells • A. Cell Wall • B. Central vacuoles • C. Plastids • • • 1. Covers the cell membrane and provides support and protection 1. Store water, enzymes, and waste products and provide support for plant tissue 2. Large in plants (small in animals) 1. Store starch and pigments. 2. Chloroplast - converts light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis 3. Chromoplast – contain color pigments that may/may not take place in photosynthesis • • a. Carrots have chromoplasts with orange pigments 4. Amyloplast – used to store starch 5. Make sugars 6. Plants only

III. Comparing Plant and Animal Cells • Cell membrane only • Cilia • Flagella Plant Cells • Cell Wall • Large Central Vacuole • Plastids Chloroplasts

III. Comparing Plant and Animal Cells – Organelles in Both • Vesicles • Chromatin • Nucleus • Chromosomes • Nucleolus • ER • Cell membrane • Golgi apparatus • Vacuole • Large in plants • Small in animals • Lysosome • Cytoplasm • Ribosomes • Mitochondria

Plant vs. Animal Cell Organelle Plant Cell Animal Cell Membrane Yes Nucleus Yes Mitochondria Yes Ribosomes Yes Golgi Yes Endoplasmic Reticulum Yes Cell Wall Yes No Chloroplast Yes No Lysosomes Yes (some) Yes Centrioles No Yes

Quick Review • • Write down organelles that belong only to: • Plant cells • Animal Cells Write down 3 main organelles that both share.

UNIT 3: CELL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION AND BIOENERGETICS PART II

Bell Ringer - DO NOT WRITE • Write down one type of food you have eaten within the past 24 hours. Then for that food write down what it may have eaten or used for energy. Keep working backwards until you can go no further.

LEQ – Identify and describe the cell structures involved in processing energy. LEQ – Identify and describe how organisms obtain and transform energy for their life processes.

I. Photosynthesis • A. Occurs within the chloroplast of a cell • B. Chloroplasts – green PLASTIDS • 1. Cellular organelles that are shaped like flattened discs • 2. Contain stroma and stacks of thylakoids • 3. Site of photosynthesis • 4. Found in the cells of plants and other eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms • 5. Chlorophyll – give chloroplasts green color • a. Light absorbing pigments • 6. 3 membrane system • a. Grana (granum) - stacks of thylakoid • b. Stroma - fluid • c. Increases the surface area for light absorption • C. During photosynthesis, capture light energy from the Sun and use it to build sugars (chemical energy) out of carbon dioxide and water.

Quick Review: Write your response below • Why are plastids/chloroplasts so important for plant survival?

II. Stages of Photosynthesis • A. Photosynthesis can be divided into two stages: Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle • B. Light reactions – Light Dependent • • 1. light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and the energy carrier molecule NADPH; oxygen created from water C. Calvin Cycle – Light Independent • 1. Organic compounds are formed using CO 2 and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH; Glucose created Chemical Equation: 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2

Photosynthesis

III. Light Dependent Reactions • A. Occurs in the Thylakoids (grana) • B. First Stage • 1. Convert light to electrical energy using Electron transport chain – ETC (photosystem II) • 2. Uses water, releases oxygen • 3. Creates ATP from H ions • C. Second Stage • 1. Convert electrical energy to chemical energy NADPH (photosystem I)

IV. Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) • A. CO 2 and ATP AND NADPH enter the stroma • B. CO 2 Binds to Ru. BP(5 carbon molecule) with help from RUBISCO • C. Ru. BP splits into PGAL (3 carbon sugar made with the addition of Hydrogen from NADPH and ATP) • D. PGAL generates 1 glucose and regenerates Ru. BP to start the cycle over again • E. Completes 6 turns to get glucose (6 carbon sugar)

Quick Review • Below, different light dependent (LD) and light independent (LI) reactions for the following: • Location – where does it occur within the cell? L. D. L. I. • Products formed – what does it make within this stage? L. D. L. I.

V. Alternative Photosynthesis Pathways • A. C 4 - More efficient at fixing carbon to form sugars 1. Some plants that evolved in hot, dry climates fix carbon through the C 4 pathway • 2. Stomata partially closed during the hottest part of the day • 3. Fix CO 2 into four-carbon compounds even when the CO 2 level is low and the O 2 level is high. . Then transported to other cells, where the Calvin cycle takes place • 4. Examples: Corn, sugarcane, crabgrass • • B. CAM - Desert plants 1. Close stomata during the day to prevent water loss • 2. Carry out carbon fixation at night and the Calvin cycle during the day to minimize water loss. •

Quick Review: Write your response below • What photosynthesis adaptations are used for desert plants and those that receive little water and nutrients throughout the day?

Bell Ringer – DO NOT WRITE • If you were a diabetic, how would eating a triple chocolate cake be more harmful than eating scrambled eggs for breakfast?

I. Cellular Respiration • A. Process by which cells break down organic compounds (food) to produce ATP • B. Occurs in all cells • C. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make CO 2 and water from organic compounds and O 2 • D. Products of cellular respiration are the reactants in photosynthesis; conversely, the products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration • E. Reactants • • 1. Glucose, oxygen F. Products • 1. Carbon dioxide, ATP, water

I. Cellular Respiration Continued • G. Mitochondria – converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds convenient for cell use CELLULAR RESPIRATION! • H. Can be divided into two stages: glycolysis and aerobic respiration 1. Aerobic - In the presence of oxygen • 2. Anaerobic (glycolysis) - Occurs when oxygen is not present • • a. Causes fermentation: 2 types 1. Alcoholic • 2. Lactic acid •

I. Cellular Respiration Continued • I. Three Parts: • 1. Glycolysis • 2. Kreb’s Cycle • 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

1. Glycolysis • A. Takes place in the cytoplasm • B. Turns glucose into pyruvic acid • C. Net 2 ATP • 1. 4 are made and two are used • D. 2 NADH • 1. electron carrier to be used during the last step of respiration

2. Kreb’s Cycle • A. Pyruvic acid turns into Acetyl-Co. A … This the link reaction just before going into Krebs • 1. Produces 2 NADH • B. Enters the mitochondria • C. Produces: • 1. 2 ATP • 2. 2 FADH 2 • 3. 6 NADH • 4. CO 2

Cellular Respiration: What have we made so far? • 4 ATP • 10 NADH • 2 FADH 2

3. Electron Transport Chain • A. Occurs in mitochondria • B. 2 FADH 2 and 10 NADH enter the ETC • C. 1 FADH 2 yields 2 ATP • D. 1 NADH yields 3 ATP • E. Oxygen is the e- acceptor • • THIS IS THE ONLY REASON YOUR BODY REQUIRES OXYGEN! E. Total 1. 4 ATP from FADH 2 • 2. 30 ATP from NADH •

Cellular Respiration: Total ATP Produced n 38 ATP TOTAL

Quick Review • Where does cellular respiration take place? • List the steps of this process. • Up to how many ATP can be produced?

II. Cellular Respiration: Fermentation • A. Occurs in the cytoplasm • B. Lactic Acid Fermentation • 1. Muscle cells – produce this when working too hard… Feel the burn!? • a. Lack of oxygen going to muscle tissue • C. Alcoholic Fermentation • 1. Used by: • a. Yeasts • b. Bacteria

III. Cellular Respiration: Anaerobic Respiration • Respiration without oxygen • Glycolysis • Glucose broken down to pyruvic acid (2 ATP) • Oxygen is needed for pyruvic acid to enter the mitochondria so the process stops • Pyruvic Acid breaks down to Lactic Acid (animals) • Pyruvic Acid breaks down to Alcohol (yeast) and Carbon dioxide

IV. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • A. Processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interdependent • 1. Each process is necessary to fuel the other

V. Interdependent Energy Processes • A. Energy is cycled through ecosystems by the processes of photosynthesis and respiration • B. Processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are dependent on one another. • C. Oxygen (O 2) and some of the organic compounds produced by photosynthesis are used by cells in cellular respiration

Quick Review: Write your response below Write down 2 ways cellular respiration and photosynthesis are similar. Write down 2 ways they are different.

Bell Ringer – DO NOT WRITE • In the movie Elf, how long did it take for Buddy to build the Empire State building out of Legos? How long did it take to break it down?

LEQ – Identify and describe how organisms obtain and transform energy for their life processes.

I. Macromolecules & Cellular Energy • A. Cells depend on specific types of macromolecules to store energy • B. Types of macromolecules include • 1. ATP • 2. Lipids

II. ATP/ADP • A. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - macromolecule used by cells for energy storage • 1. Contains adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups • 2. Each of the phosphate bonds stores a large quantity of energy, which is released for use when the bond is broken • B. When a cell needs energy: • 1. Breaks bond between 2 nd and 3 rd phosphate groups to release energy (enzyme ATPase) yields ADP • C. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • 1. To go from ADP ATP energy is required to add 3 rd phosphate group Phosphorylation • 2. ATP synthase then reattaches the phosphate group making ATP • D. Used in: • 1. Active transport • 2. Protein and nucleic acid synthesis • 3. Chemical signaling in cells

III. Anabolism vs. Catabolism • A. Where do we get energy needed to go from ADP ATP? ! • B. Anabolic reaction - chemical reactions where simple substances are combined to form more complex molecules • • 1. Require Energy (ATP) C. Catabolic reaction- chemical reactions that result in breakdown of complex organic molecules to simpler substances • 1. Release Energy give it to be used in anabolic reactions

ATP – ADP CYCLE

Quick Review: Write your response below • Write down one key difference between catabolism and anabolism. • Which reaction is required to make ATP? ADP?

IV. Lipids • A. Macromolecules used by the body for long-term energy storage • B. Composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • C. Contain high-energy bonds that can be broken by cells to release energy to do cellular work • D. Triglycerides are a type of lipid that contain one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.

Extended Thinking • Explain the role of ATP in cellular respiration. Also, why is ATP not required in photosynthesis?