Unit 2 The Atlantic World 1607 1754 by

Unit 2: The Atlantic World (1607 -1754) by Reno D. , Ryan H. , Andrew B. , Sammie T. , Donovan C. , Amber H. , Tylinn N. , Guadalupe G. , Kenya G. , Abbie M. , and Decorah B.

Chapter 3: Planting Colonies In North America Outline Spain and Its Competitors in North America England in the Chesapeake The New England Colonies The Proprietary Colonies Conflict and War

Spain and its Competitors In North America (Andrew) ● ● ● 17 th Century Spanish controlled the only outpost on mainland Forts along Fl Coast 1 st 2 decades Spanish, French, Dutch, and English were creating large colonies in NA. Spanish & French had cultural mixing w/ natives

Spain and its Competitors In North America 2 New Mexico ● Francisco Vasquez de Coronado failed to find Indians to conquer in N Mex. ● Lost interest in the SW ● Rumors of gold deposits NM ● Colonizing expedite. w/ Indian & Mestizo soldiers. ● Pillaged Acoma ● Killed & Enslaved ● No gold ● Missionaries penetrated villages and spread disease ● 80 K to > 15 K ● Some 3 K colonist in few towns along Rio Grande New France Monopolize fur trade Alliances w/ Indians Wanted to build an empire w/ alliances Great Lakes & St. Lawrence river Learning the natives language Transportation through waterway Some colonist married Indian women Independent fur traders

Spain and its Competitors In North America 3 New Netherlands Mid of the 16 th cent. Eco. Transform. in Euro New farming tech. helped population + Holland was Europe’s “America. ” 2 trading monopolies Dutch E. India Company & the Dutch W. India Company. Combined military and commerce to create trading posts in China, Indo, India, Africa, Brazil, and the Caribb. , & NA Settlements at Fort Orange along the Hudson River allied with the Iroquois helped w/ various conflicts from 1640 -1680

England in the chesapeake Jamestown and the Powhatan Confederacy King James I (1603 -25) Charters to colonize the mid-Atlantic region of Virginia to joint-stock companies First perm. Eng. settlement of J Town The English, said Indians were savages with no rights to respect pushed out the Algonquian PC led by Wahumsonacook Wary of the English settlers but was eager to ally with them. English had not come to trade, but instead came to conquer.

England in the chesapeake 2 Tobacco, Expansion, and Warfare John Rolfe developed a hybrid of tobacco merchantable commodity Req. lrg. Amt. of labor & exhausted the soil. Grants for plantations only if the investors would transport the workers from England. pushing out rural farmers Virginia had no need for natives “Frontier of exclusion. ” Opechancanough, pressured by Eng. for more land. Eng. killed Nemanttanew, leading to a ten-year war. Powhatans sued for peace Virginia Company bankrupted Virginia became a royal colony. House of Burgesses, governing body regulated taxes and finances. Opechancanough revolted one last time before he was killed by the colonists. Algonquians were pushed to reses. 14, 000 to 2, 000 by 1670 40, 000 colonists.

England in the chesapeake 3 Maryland 1632 King Charles I (1625 -49) granted 10 mil acres at the N end of the Chesapeake Bay to the Calvert family, the Lords Baltimore, important Catholic supporters of the monarchy. Colony became Maryland, in honor of the Queen, and founded St. Mary’s in 1634. Maryland became a haven for Catholics. ML adopted the Virginia sys, creating lrg tobacco plantations. Indentured Servants transportation to the New World = labor contract term = 2 -7 years children, until they were 21 cons or vagabonds put into service for up to 14 year work in the rough tobacco fields is and mistreated Capture from escape attempt = ext. on their contract African slaves introduced in 1619 Rare because greater expense due to disease, 2 out of 5 servants die during travel

England in the Chesapeake 4 Community Lives in the Chesapeake Most immigrants were men unmarried women often married quickly Men = higher mortality rate than women Negotiation for better marriage agreements = “matriarchy. ” Because of the small family size, kinship, important in England, is weaker. Many live in rough dwellings like huts or caves Ties remained close to Eng. due to the colonies’ dep. on the mamaland.

The New England Colonies (Samantha) -puritans wanted “purify” and reform the english church -The first English colony, Plymouth, was created by separatists or pilgrims who wanted religious freedom. -The Mayflower compact was the first document of self government in North America. -The Massachusetts Bay Colony were a group of rich pilgrims who settled in the Massachusetts bay area because of a royal charter they were granted. -New England merchants sold resources they had around them. For example, cod, lumber, sugar, farmed products, rum, and molasses -families and orderly communities were very important to puritans. They believed that social hierarchy was ordained by god and required for well-ordered communities. -although the puritans came to the new world in search for religious freedoms, they weren’t tolerant of other religions.

The Proprietary Colonies by Abbie Early Carolina-In 1663, King Charles II issued the first colonial charters of the new colony (Carolina) which stretched from Virginia South to Spanish Florida. -By 1675, North Carolina (as it became known) housed 5000 small farmers and tobacco planters. -By 1670, more southern settlement began with the founding of Charles Town (Charleston today). -Most South Carolina settlers came from Barbados (which was English owned) and they specialized in the production of sugar. -Most of the South Carolinian population consisted of enslaved Africans, with some enslaved Barbadians here and there.

The Proprietary Colonies by Abbie (con’t) From New Netherlands to New York-In 1751, Parliament passed a trade and navigation act that barred Dutch vessels from English colonial possessions leading to a naval war with Holland from 1652 -1654. -Another naval war ensued in 1664 and ended with peace in 1667. (No shots fired) -A third and final conflict from 1672 -1674 ended with the bankruptcy of the Dutch West India Company, English obtained dominance in the Atlantic, and Holland remained powerful in the Baltic and East Indies. -Charles II issued a proprietary charter that granted the former Dutch Colony to his brother James, the Duke of York (renamed New York in his honor). -In 1665 , communities of the Delaware Valley split off as the proprietary colony, New Jersey which stayed under New York government until the 1680 s. -The combined population of these two colonies in the 1670 s reached 10, 000.

The Proprietary Colonies by Abbie (con’t) The Founding of Pennsylvania-In 1676, the proprietary rights of western New Jersey were sold to a group of English religious dissenters, which included William Penn, who wanted to make the area a haven for the Society of Friends (Quakers). -In 1681, King Charles II issues William Penn a proprietary grant to the land that would be Pennsylvania so that Penn could pay off a large debt he owed to Sir William Penn. -Penn included guarantees of religious freedoms, civil liberties, and elected representation in his new colony. -He worked with the Native Americans as he refused to settle on Native lands unless they were purchased previously. -In the 18 th century, Pennsylvania became known as America’s breadbasket and Philadelphia as the most important colonial port in North America.

Pequot War by Reno The Prequot war, later called the King Philip’s War, was a conflict between the New England colonies and the Native Americans. Several puritan ministers, such John Eliot and Thomas Mayhew, preached to Indians and created praying towns The Pokanokets were being treated poorly in their 50 year alliance with the Plymouth and decided to take up arms in resistance After a Christian Indian was killed by 3 Pokanoket they were all captured and executed This lead to war between the natives and the colonies. The colonists started off losing hut turned the tide thanks to English reinforcements and the Great Swamp battle.

Bacon's Rebellion by Reno In the late 1600’s in Virginia governor Berkeley was faced with a new problem. Due to Native American attacks against colonies they asked him for protection. When he denied, trying to keep the peace, Nathaniel Bacon took it up to defend themselves. After the natives had stop Berkeley declared Bacon a traitor. In response Bacon raided the city Berkeley was in and forced him to flee Once Bacon died of illness however the rebellion disbanded.

The Glorious Revolution in America by Reno After King Charles II died in 1685 his brother, James II, took the crown. King James wanted to strengthen royal control over the colonies. As a result he abolished the New York times, tried to suppress civilian assemblies and put the power in the hands of the colonies governor. There was also lots of issues with the royal family having a catholic Since the colonies disliked catholics this weakened their trust England. faith. of When Jacob Leisler attempted to prevent the landing of the king's troops in new york he was executed. It wasn't until 1692 that the colonies were fully under English control.

Chapter 4: Slavery and Empire Outline The beginning of African Slavery The African Slave Trade The Development of North American Slave Societies African to African American Slavery and Empire Slavery and Freedom

The Beginning of African Slavery by Guadalupe Sugar and Slavery: In this type of society, the status of black Virginians was ambiguous; many owned slaves and land themselves, even with the lack of religious distinction among them. Slavery was strengthened by making slave-status inheritable through their mother’s status (letting white male owners take slave mistresses), ending Christian baptism from changing conditions of servitude, and by making the killing of a slave a non-felony. The Tobacco Colonies The growth of tobacco required the growth of the slave trade. The natural growth of the slave population Slavery in the Spanish Colonies Spanish settlements employed slaves, the most benign form being the kind in Florida, which resembled the system in use in Mediterranean and African society. Spain declared Florida a haven for fugitives to weaken southern English colonies. In New Mexico, however, Spain used native slaves, though in a more restrained way to prevent another Pueblo Uprising. Spain captured "infidel Indians" such as the Apaches or nomads from the Great Plains and enslaved them, using them as house servants or fieldworkers.

The Development of North American Slave Societies by Decorah Slavery comes to North America Arrived in Virginia 1619 when a Dutch slave trader exchanged “ 20 and odd Negars” Servants and slaves had the same purpose, however slaves cost far more than servants did African American Virginians were more in charge of themselves rather than white Virginians in charge of them Eventually, the Chesapeake became a slave society and black skin meant being a slave and segregation African Americans made up 22% of Chesapeake population The Tobacco Colonies

The Development of North American Slave Societies by Decorah The Lower South Carolina was a slave society since the beginning (ex. Exported Native Americans to the slave markets in the Caribbean) After acts of Indian rebellion, planters preferred Africans rather than Indian slaves Production of rice and indigo increased as much as tobacco, depends on expanding numbers of slaves Though Georgia prohibited slavery, it eventually became open to it under royal authority 80% of lower South’s population Slavery in the Spanish Colonies

The Development of North American Slave Societies by Decorah French Louisiana Part of the French “New World empire” Attempted to establish tobacco and indigo plantations on Mississippi River Natchez Indians rebel and take 10% of French lives, making French hold back on slavery Became diverse, colonists settle along Mississippi river while African slaves were a third of the population Slavery in the North Not exactly a “slave society”

The African Slave Trade (Guadalupe) The Shock of Enslavement Many slave traders lived permanently in coastal outposts and married local women, reinforcing commercial ties through family relations. Many slaves resented African involvement in the slave trade. Most Africans were enslaved through warfare. As the demand for slaves increased, slave raids pressed deeper into the continent. Captives would wait in dungeons or pens called “barracoons”, separated from family and people of the same ethnic group to discourage rebellion, before being branded with the mark of their buyer. The Middle Passage Arrival in the New World When the slaves arrived, their captors would parade them around to impress buyers. Slaves would be sold at auctions or during a “scramble”, where prices were pre-set and the buyers would rush the slaves in a corral and take their pick.

African to African American A Fact: Majority of Africans arrived during the eighteenth century Daily Life of Slaves Africans basically built the South because of their overwhelming majority in the labor force. Masters gave little provisions to the slaves; such as rags/”negro cotton” Slaves on smaller plantations had an “easier life” than those who lived on larger plantations. African-American Culture Masters were reluctant to allow slaves learn or practice religion because they believed it would give the slaves a sense of Freedom. by. Kenya Gay Families and Communities Family was the most important institution for the development of African-American communities and culture. Slave Codes did not provide legal slaves marriages since they were considered property Masters often split up families On larger plantations, husbands and wives commonly lived in households together Slave Codes - made to defend the status of slaves and to codify the denial of basic human rights.

African to African American Cont. by. Kenya Gay Violence and Resistance The Africanization of the Southerners were influenced by African American culture, changing their diet, their art, language, music, and dance. Slavery rested on the threat of violence, even among “humane” slave owners like George Washington. Many slaves resisted through refusing to cooperate, destroying property, and by running away. Runaways would create communities called “maroons”, from the Spanish “cimmaron” (wild, untamed). They would intermingle with the Florida Creeks, creating the Seminole tribe, derived from the corruption of cimmaron. Revolts occurred in the colonies, but not on the scale of Jamaica, Guiana, or Brazil; the family and community ties slaves established made them less likely to

Slavery and Empire By: Ryan Hahn Slavery the Mainspring - Slavery in the South grew exponentially from 1714 -1773 due to the vast amounts of farmland available to southern colonists. Slavery greatly contributed to the economic development of Great Britain. 23 -31℅ of Great Britain's capital in the 18 th century were from the triangular trade alone The Politics of Mercantilism - Mercantilism was the political control of the economy by the government. During Mercantilism fleets of ships were escorted to their destination by warships to protect the cargo. The Colonial Economy - greatly depended on the labor of slaves and the goods they produced. Britain's North American colonies greatly relied on the establishment of North and south

Slavery and Freedom By: Ryan Hahn Many African American slaves sought ways to escape slavery and start over in the slave free north. Organizations like the underground railroad helped escaped slaves get to the north. Free African Americans like Harriet Tubman went back to the south numerous times whist risking her freedom to assist slaves in escaping. Once slaves reached freedom they had to face many hardships to lead a better life for them and their families. For instance free African Americans were paid less than White men. Many escaped slaves found that living together in escaped slaves communities was a better option that in northern towns. This idea of black towns set the groundwork for African American culture in America.

Chapter 5: The Cultures of Colonial North American Regions Diverging Social and Political Patterns The Cultural Transformation of British North America

North American Regions by Donovan Indian America The French Crescent - Population in 1750 was 1, 500, 000 the same - Religion and state were - Lived beyond the Appalachian Mountains as it could’ve been - Population wasn’t as big - Became dependent on European goods most profitable colony - New Orleans was the - Tried to be neutral between powers rights, metis, and Indian clothes - Women got property - Lost most of their people to disease - Benefited highly from horses

North American Regions Cont. The Middle Colonies Backcountry - Most ethnically diverse colonies Maryland to Virginia - Quakers in Pennsylvania were tolerant unlike Puritans were upset - People moved around more lifestyle - The first synagogue was built in New York - Farmowners chose local officials in gov. The South Traditional Culture in the New World The - - Extended from Indians in the Appalachian Highlands - - Modest Disregarded rank

North American Regions Cont. The Frontier Heritage - Labor was in short supply - There was little incentive to work because men and women worked for themselves - Became a popular thing to take land of Indians who weren’t “using it properly” - Land was abundant and cheap - More than half of the migrants to the 13 colonies were slaves - Indentured servants were common

Diverging Social and Political Patterns by Amber Population growth very rapid about 3% Low mortality <30 deaths per 1, 000 people, largest group of immigrants Africans. France had Catholic engagés (immigrants) populate Canada. Spain severely limited immigration. England encouraged immigration from England eventually other countries. Social class in spanish colonies was based on racial purity. In English colonies there was a lot of social mobility oder was: large landowners, merchants, prosperous professionals. Large and impoverished lower class. Slaves, bound servants, poor laboring = 40% or

Diverging Social and Political Patterns by Amber (Cont. ) French and Spanish colonies have stagnant economies, English colonies have impressive economic growth This growth increased inequality. Overall standard of living incresed, but rich got richer and poor got poorer Greatest concentration of wealth in cities and regions with commercial farming Spain and French administrations were highly centralized, English was decentralized to achieve economic goals

The Cultural Transformation of British North America by Tylinn ● Enlightenment ○ Movement stressing the importance and reason of natural laws ○ Enlightenment thinkers argued that the universe was governed by natural laws that people could understand apply to their own lives. It emphasized rationality, harmony, and order, in contrast to the folk culture ● Congregationalists ○ Members of puritan churches questioning the reasoning of their religion ○ Turning toward Armenian beliefs