Unit 2 Section 2 1 Organism and Their

Unit 2 Section 2. 1: Organism and Their Environment Week 10 Biomes / Ecology

Levels of Organization 1. 11. 2. 10. 3. 9. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Hickox: Baker High School Biology 3

Ecology interactions 12)________ is the study of 13)________ between organisms and their environment.

biosphere is the The 14)_____ portion of earth that supports living things. The biosphere extends bottoms from the 15)____ of the oceans to the atmosphere upper 16)_____.

What Shapes an Ecosystem? ü Biological and physical factors ü Living factors – 17) _____ factors

The Living Environment Biotic factors 18)_____- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. ALL 19)____ organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. 7

The Nonliving Environment Abiotic factors the nonliving 20)_____ parts of an organism’s environment. air Examples include 20)______, currents temperature 21)_____ moisture 22)_____, soil light , and 24)__. 23)____ n Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life. 8

Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic 9

Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic 10

Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic 11

Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic 12

Levels of Organization 13

Biological Levels of Organization n n n Atom: P, (N) Nitrogen, (O) Oxygen Molecule Organelle Cell: Life Begins. smallest _____ unit of any living thing. Tissue: group of cells Organ: group of tissues System: group of organs. 14

Levels of Organization Ecologist ______ have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity. 15

Biological Levels of Organization Organism ______ : An individual living that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops 16

Biological Levels of Organization Population ______: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. 17

Biological Levels of Organization n Biological _____: Community n All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. 18

Biological Levels of Organization Ecosystem ______: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic) 19

Biological Levels of Organization Biosphere _____: The portion of Earth that supports life. 20

The Biosphere n (write in to notes) n Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water. n The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things. 21

What level of organization? Organism 22

1. A pod of bottlenose dolphins living in a specific region can be identified as which level of organization? A. B. C. D. Biosphere Ecosystem Population Community 2. Which level of organization in the biosphere is BEST represented by the entire picture. A. Organization B. Ecosystem C. Population D. Community Hickox: Baker High School Biology 23

3. A group of cells that work together for a common function is MOST LIKELY described as A. B. C. D. A tissue An organelle A community 4. Study the diagram below. Which level of organization that could be represented by the X? A. B. C. D. Plant Animal Biosphere Community Ecosystem X Population Organism 24

5. A scientist studied a coral reef in an ocean. The scientist made a data table to record what was observed. How many populations are represented by the data? Organism Number Observed Sea Turtle 6 Sea Star 9 Nurse Shark 3 Clown Fish 16 Parrot Fish 26 Sea Urchin 36 Hickox: Baker High School Biology 25

What level of Organization? Population 26

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment Three Major Kinds of Ecosystem Terrestrial Located on land Forest Old farm field Yard Meadow Garden plot Empty lot Compost heat Rotting Log Aquatic Fresh & Salt Pond Lake Stream Ocean Estuary Aquarium Other Human body Skin Intestine mouth Building Mold bathroom Food Frig Moldy food

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment Organisms in Ecosystem The place where an organism lives out its Habitat life is called a _____. The way in which a species uses its environment to meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a _____. Niche

Chapter 2 n n Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment Survival relationships Some species develop special relationships with other species to increase their survival. Some interactions can be harmful to other species, but some interactions are beneficial. Relationship that are helpful to one but Predator - Prey harmful to another is a ________ relationship Predator A _____ may be like polar bears, lions, insect eating birds. The animals that Prey predators eat are called _____.

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment Three Major Kinds of Ecosystem • Some organisms have a permanent relationship between organisms of different symbiosis species. This is called _______. Symbiosis means living together Three types of Symbiosis Mutualism _______; when both species benefit _______; when one species benefits and Commensalism the other is neither helped or hurt. Parasitism _______; when one species benefits and the other is harmed.

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment video Three types of Symbiosis Mutualism: • Ants and acacia trees living in subtropical regions; the ants protect the tree from attacking animals who want to feed on the tree Commensalism: • Spanish moss in live oak trees; the Spanish moss benefits but the relationship does not harm or help the oak tree.

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment Three types of Symbiosis Parasitism: • Ticks on a dog; The Tick causes harm to the dog but doesn’t kill the dog. The Tick receives the benefit for the relationship Video

Video: Mammals of North America Video: Fish Symbiosis Video: Ant and Butterfly Symbiosis Video: Snail Zombies

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment Quiz Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _____, which is the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. The place where an organism lives out its life is called a ______. The way in which a species uses its environment to meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a _____. (how ) The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment are the ______ factors. All the living organisms within an environment are the ______ factors.

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Quiz Questions The video with the great white shark and seal demonstrates the predator-prey relationship. Which one is which? Some organisms have a permanent relationship between organisms of different species. This is called _______, means living together A type of # 7 in which both organisms benefit is called _______. A type of relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is neither harmed or helped is called commensalism. What is the example shown in class? _____ What type of symbiosis is the example show with two fish, the grouper and cleaner gobies?

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment Quiz Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _Ecology_, which is the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. The place where an organism lives out its life is called a __habitat__. The way in which a species uses its environment to meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a _niche__. (how ) The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment are the __abiotic__ factors. All the living organisms within an environment are the __biotic___ factors.

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Quiz Questions The video with the great white shark and seal demonstrates the predator-prey relationship. Which one is which? Predator= white shark Prey= seal Some organisms have a permanent relationship between organisms of different species. This is called ____symbiotic____, means living together A type of # 7 in which both organisms benefit is called __mutualism__. A type of relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is neither harmed or helped is called commensalism. What is the example shown in class? __commensalism; oak tree and Spanish moss_ What type of symbiosis is the example show with two fish, the grouper and cleaner gobies? mutualism

Unit 2 Section 2. 2: NUTRITION AND ENERGY FLOW Ecology Unit 2

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment Review Quiz Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _____, which is the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. The place where an organism lives out its life is called a ______. The way in which a species uses its environment to meet its specific needs for food and shelter is called a _____. (how ) The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment are the ______ factors. All the living organisms within an environment are the ______ factors.

Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Organisms and Their Environment 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Quiz Questions The video with the great white shark and seal demonstrates the predator-prey relationship. Which on is which? Some organisms have a permanent relationship between organisms of different species. This is called _______, means living together A type of # 7 in which both organisms benefit is called _______. A type of relationship in which on organism benefits and the other organism is neither harmed or helped is called commensalism. What is the example shown in class? _____ What type of symbiosis is the example show with two fish, the grouper and cleaner gobies?

Unit 2 Section 2. 2: Nutrition and Energy Flow You will: • Compare how organisms satisfy their nutritional needs • Trace the path of energy and matter in an ecosystem • Analyze how matter is cycled in the abiotic and biotic parts of the biosphere.

Section 2. 2: Nutrition and Energy Flow The ultimate source of energy Sun is the _______. The Sun provides the energy that fuels life!

Section 2. 2: Nutrition and Energy Flow An organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make food-rich compounds is a producer or ________ autotroph Simply put ------ plants! Plants use the sun in a process to produce food called ________ photosynthesis

Section 2. 2: Nutrition and Energy Flow Heterotroph The consumer or ________ feeds on other organisms because they are unable to make their own food. Heterotrophs feed in a variety of feeding relationships …. feed only on plants called ________ herbivores Ø grasshopper, rabbits, beavers, bees, elephants …. feed on other heterotrophs called ______ carnivores Ø lions, hawks, hyena, cheetah and others. . feed on both plant and animal food called _____ omnivores examples: humans, raccoons, opossums, and bears

Section 2. 2: Nutrition and Energy Flow scavengers Some heterotrophs, called ______ feed on dead or decaying animals ü vultures, buzzards, and ants • Cleaning up dead and decaying refuse is a very important job in the ecosystem

Unit 2 Section 2. 2: Nutrition and Energy Flow • Some organisms like fungi and bacteria break down and then release nutrients from dead organisms. These organism are ________, break down decomposers the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into molecules that can be absorbed. Theses organism do not rely on sunlight directly as an energy source.

What organisms rely on. Sunlight as an energy source, directly and indirectly. ts an l p Chemolithotrophic Bacteria (H 2 S) in ed ts pos als) en m im tri deco an Nu il ( and so ants pl ts: n Pla es ing rob s o ic p om ia, m c De cter Ba animals

Unit 2 Section 2. 2: Nutrition and Energy Flow of Matter and Energy in the Ecosystem p. 18 • When you eat an apple you are absorbing more than an apple; What are you eating? • You are eating carbon, nitrogen, and other elements as well as energy from sunlight that is trapped.

Unit 2 What are food chains? P. 18 Models that demonstrate pathways for matter and energy Food chains are a model that scientists use to • _______ demonstrate matter and energy flow. Autotrophs Third-order heterotrophs First-order heterotrophs Second-order heterotrophs

Unit 2 What are food chains? FOOD CHAIN grasshopper mouse owl • most food chains consist of two, three, or four transfers • energy is _____ through each transfer lost • part of the energy is lost through ____ heat • a food chain represents only one possible rout through an ecosystem

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What is a food web? P. 19 A more realistic interconnecting model that shows all the possible feeding relationships is called a _________. Food webs are made up of trophic levels and food chains!

A food web

Unit How does energy flow through an ecosystem? P. 19 Tropic levels represent links in the chain • Each organism in a food chain represents a feeding step called ________. Trophic level • A species may feed at different feeding levels. Carnivores And Omnivores Herbivore Producer 3 rd order heterotroph 2 nd order heterotroph 1 st order heterotroph autotroph Ecological pyramid 2

5. Which series correctly models the flow of energy in an aquatic food chain? A. Plankton sand eel striped bass cod B. Sand eel cod plankton striped bass C. Striped bass plankton cod sand eel D. Cod striped bass sand eel plankton A. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 57

6. Which organism receives the smallest amount of energy from the level directly before them in this food chain? Producers primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers decomposers A. Primary consumers B. Secondary consumers C. Tertiary consumers D. Decomposers Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Hickox: Baker High School Biology D. Tertiary consumers Decomposers 58

Only a Fraction of the Energy Present in Organisms of One Trophic Level is Captured by Organisms of the Next

Hickox: Baker High School Biology 60

Pyramid of Energy • Another model used that demonstrates the distribution of matter and energy is called an Pyramid of energy _________ sun and • The ultimate energy source is the ______ the amount of available energy decrease as one moves from one tropic level Heat to another. Heat Pyramid of Energy With each step there is a decrease to 10% Par Heat dec asite s lev omp , sca el. ose ven rs f ge eed rs, at e and ach 0. 1% Consumers 10% Consumers 100% Producers

• In a pyramid of numbers, each level represents the number of organisms consumed by the level above it. (again 10% rule) _____ Pyramid of Numbers Fox (1) Birds (25) Grasshoppers (250) Grasses (2500)

Page 20 Biomass is the • ______ total weight of living matter at each trophic level. A pyramid of biomass represents the total weight of living material available at each trophic level. Pyramid of Biomass 1 kilogram of human tissue 10 kilograms of beef 100 kilograms of grain

7. Producers have greater amounts of energy available to them than primary consumers. Which statement about producers is NOT correct? A. Energy B. Energy C. Energy D. Energy is is released by producers as heat created by producers used for metabolism used for active transport B. Energy created by sun Hickox: Baker High School Biology 64

8. Study the food chain below. Which statement correctly compares the available energy between trophic levels in this food chain? A. Energy is highest in algae and lowest in great black-backed gulls. B. Energy is highest in great black-backed gulls and lowest in algae. C. Energy is highest in crustaceans and puffins and lowest in algae and great black-backed gulls. D. Energy is highest in algae and great black-backed gulls and lowest in crustaceans and puffins. A. Hickox: Baker High School Biology Food Chain Great Blackbacked Gulls Puffins Crustaceans Algae 65

9. Study the food chain below. Which organism receives the MOST energy from corn? The LEAST energy from corn? Owl Fox Snake Mouse chipmunk Corn Hickox: Baker High School Biology Most: chipmunk and mouse Least: Owl 66

10. can A. B. C. D. Which statement BEST explains why the snowy owl and the arctic fox occupy the same trophic level in a tundra food web? They have light coloring They hunt at the same time of year They eat primary consumers at different trophic levels They take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Owl Fox Snake Mouse chipmunk Corn Hickox: Baker High School Biology C. 67

Unit 2 Cycles in Nature page 20. • All models discussed show energy moves in only ____ one direction through the trophic levels next level • Energy moves at each trophic level to the _____ • This energy moves into the environment as _______ heat lost transferred • Energy is not _______but ______ Matter flows through each level of a trophic • _____ system as well. Matter can NOT be replenished. H N • The elements of _______, and oxygen (O) that make up the atoms of matter are the same atoms on earth when life began. • Matter is not regenerated, but, is Re-cycled constantly ________.

The Water Cycle page 20 2 CYCLES OF NATURE water • All life on earth depends on the sun and _____ The water cycle • Water evaporates from lakes, oceans, rivers, etc. colder • Water vapor condenses when _____conditions occur • condensation on dust in the air causes drop to develop that becomes rain, ice, or snow oceans _____ lakes • The water accumulates in____, and rivers. • The cycle of evaporation continues evaporation • Water is pulled from ground through leaves by______ • Animals breathe out water vapor in every breathrespiration _____ and water is returned to environment through urination ______ Unit

Water Cycle 70

Which two areas represent the movement of water vapor? Transpiration and evaporation. 71

Unit 2 Section 2. 2: Nutrition and Energy Flow Water cycle video

The Water Cycle

11) Which process is MOST directly dependent on temperature reduction, small particles, and gravity to produce its product? A. Evaporation B. Transpiration C. Precipitation D. Condensation C. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 74

12) When coal is burned, sulfur dioxide (SO 2) gas combines with water vapor to produce acid rain. Which model traces the path of the water vapor? A. Water vapor condensation precipitation B. Water vapor precipitation condensation C. Water vapor evaporation precipitation D. Water vapor precipitation evaporation A. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 75

54) Study the water cycle below. Which process in the water cycle is represented by the X? A. Infiltration B. Condensation C. freshwater storage D. Groundwater discharge X B. condensation. evaporation precipitation ocean Surface runoff Hickox: Baker High School Biology 76

54) Study the water cycle below. Which process in the water cycle is represented by the X? A. Infiltration B. Condensation C. freshwater storage D. Groundwater discharge X evaporation precipitation ocean Surface runoff Hickox: Baker High School Biology 77

Unit 2 What is the Carbon Cycle? Page 20 CARBON CYCLE carbon • All life on earth is based on ______ molecules • Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, amino acids • The carbon cycle starts with the autotrophs ______(plants) CO 2 • During photosynthesis the sun converts _____ into energy rich molecules of sugar used for growth and energy • Heterotrophs use the carbon molecules for growth & CO 2 energy. • Once energy rich molecules are used _____is released into the atmosphere • Carbon dioxide in the atmospherephotosynthesis enters the biotic parts of the biosphere through _______ Carbon cycle

The Carbon Cycle

Unit 2 The Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen, an important element is added in the process of Fertilizing our lawn. ______ • Our air is 78% nitrogen but plants can not use, in that form. • Nitrogen must be converted to better used forms bacteria • Certain _______ convert the nitrogen in the air to forms it can be used • Plants use nitrogen to make important molecules like proteins _______. • When herbivore eat plants their bodies convert nitrogen containing plant proteins to nitrogen containing animal proteins. urine. • Excess nitrogen is excreted as _____ When animals die, nitrogen is returned to soil. • Plants reuse this nitrogen in the soil.

Section 2. 2: Nutrition and Energy Flow The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen in the atmosphere Some excess nitrogen evaporates from soil. Assimilated by plants Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nodules on roots of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen. Released to the atmosphere Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrogen compounds released into soils and acted upon by soil bacteria Nitrogen cycle video Urine from animals Dead plant matter Decomposing organisms Decomposers—bacteria and fungi—break down tissues and wastes and nitrogencontaining compounds are released. Converted to other nitrogen compounds by soil bacteria

Unit 2 Other Material Cycles • Other material cycle in the environment in addition to water, carbon, and nitrogen. • Sulfur, Calcium, and phosphorus Cycle of Phosphorus • All organisms require phosphorus for growth and development • Phosphorus is an essential element • Plants obtain phosphorus from the soil and animals from eating plants. • The decomposition of plants and animals return to the soil: WATER, CARBON, NITROGEN • Phosphorus has a short term and long term cycle

Unit 2 Section 2. 2: Nutrition and Energy Flow • Short-term Phosphorus Cycle is the decomposition of plants and animals, returning phosphorus to the soil. • When phosphates that are washed into the sea are incorporated into rock as insoluble compounds • Millions of years later as the environment changes the rock containing phosphorus is exposed and made part of the local ecological system.

13) Which sequence is part of the carbon cycle? A. transpiration evaporation condensation precipitation B. Respiration photosynthesis organic decay coal formation C. combustion evaporation respiration condensation D. decomposition infiltration plant uptake consumption B. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 84

14) Study the carbon cycle diagram below. Which represents the release of carbon dioxide through combustion? Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Car or Truck Flower Car or truck To CO 2 to a atmosphere Rabbit Hickox: Baker High School Biology 85

15. Study the table below. Which student correctly identifies processes in the oxygen cycle? Student Uses Atmospheric Oxygen Releases Oxygen to the Atmosphere 1 Burning fossil fuels Raccoons breathing 2 Ozone forming Forest fire burning 3 Lighting matches Wheat growing 4 Trees growing fruit Wolves howling 3. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 86

16) Which statement describes the changes that result from increased burning of fossil fuels? A. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and carbon stored in fossil fuels both increase B. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels both decrease C. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels increase. D. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels decreases. D. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 87

17) Which sequence is part of the carbon cycle? A. transpiration evaporation condensation precipitation B. Respiration photosynthesis organic decay coal formation C. combustion evaporation respiration condensation D. decomposition infiltration plant uptake consumption B. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 88

18) Study the carbon cycle diagram below. Which represents the release of carbon dioxide through combustion? Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Car or Truck Flower Car or truck To CO 2 to a atmosphere Rabbit Hickox: Baker High School Biology 89

19. Study the table below. Which student correctly identifies processes in the oxygen cycle? Student Uses Atmospheric Oxygen Releases Oxygen to the Atmosphere 1 Burning fossil fuels Raccoons breathing 2 Ozone forming Forest fire burning 3 Lighting matches Wheat growing 4 Trees growing fruit Wolves howling 3. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 90

20) Which statement describes the changes that result from increased burning of fossil fuels? A. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and carbon stored in fossil fuels both increase B. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels both decrease C. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels increase. D. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, and carbon stored in fossil fuels decreases. D. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 91

21) When green plants produce oxygen, from which molecule does the oxygen come? A. ATP B. Water C. Glucose D. Carbon dioxide B. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 92

22. Which nitrogen compound is considered to be a pollutant released in jet exhaust? a. b. c. d. Nitrogen gas (N 2) Nitrate (NO 3) Ammonia (NH 4) Nitrogen oxide (NO 2) D. Hickox: Baker High School Biology 93

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