Unit 2 Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies

Unit 2 Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 BCE to c. 600 CE) THE CLASSICAL ERA! Key Concepts: 2. 1 Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions 2. 2 Development of States and Empires 2. 3 Emergence of Trans-regional Networks of Communication and Exchange

Ancient and Classical China

Dynasties of Early China • 2500 -2200 B. C. E. Yangshao society (Huang He River Valley Civilization) • 2200 -1766 B. C. E. Xia dynasty • 1766 -1122 B. C. E. Shang dynasty (first dynasty with written records) • 1028 -256 B. C. E. Zhou dynasty • 403 -221 B. C. E. Era of Warring States • Qin dynasty (221 B. C. E. – 210 B. C. E. ) • Han dynasty (202 B. C. E. – 220 C. E. )

The Zhou Dynasty (1028 B. C. E. – 256 B. C. E. ) • Zhou leaders claimed the Shang had lost the Mandate of Heaven. • The Zhou ruled a vast area of city-states and kingdoms run by local nobles (feudalism. ) • During the Zhou period, roads were built, foreign trade increased, and horses were obtained from Central Asian nomads. • Irrigation and flood control systems were improved. • Method of silk-making developed. • The Zhou ruled longer than any other Chinese dynasty in history. • During this period, China became the most densely populated country in the world.

• Both Confucius (Kungfuzi) and Laozi, two important philosophers, lived during the late Zhou Dynasty. • By the end of the Zhou Dynasty, China was a highly developed and wealthy civilization compared to other civilizations at this time. However, China was still not politically unified. • There was a great deal of warfare and instability during the late Zhou (a. k. a. The Era of Warring States), thus scholars such as Confucius and Laozi reflected on what would create social harmony and balance.

Classical Chinese Philosophies and Ethical Systems Confucianism • Confucius (Kong Fuzi) was born in 551 B. C. E. , during the late Zhou. • He lived during a time of social disorder, war, and change. • Confucius’s teachings were recorded by his students in the Analects. • Confucian philosophy is concerned with social order, morals, and good government • The Five Relationships set up a social order 1. father to son 2. elder brother to younger brother 3. Husband to wife 4. ruler to subject 5. friend to friend • Filial Piety – respect and obey parents • Leaders need to be virtuous and set a good example for their subjects • The Golden Rule

Sayings of Kungfuzi (Confucius) “What you do not wish done to yourself, do not do to others. ” “Recognize that you know what you know, and that you are ignorant of what you do not know. ” "To lead uninstructed people to war is to throw them away. " "To see right and not to do it is cowardice. " "An oppressive government is more to be feared than a tiger. " “To be wronged is nothing unless you continue to remember it. ”

After Confucius himself, Mencius is considered the most famous Confucian scholar. He believed that human nature is inherently good, and that education and moral cultivation must awaken the innate abilities of the human mind. Mencius (c. 372 – 289 BCE)

• Confucianism was (and some would argue still is) the most influential philosophy in China, and laid the foundation for values, morals, and social structure. Confucianism also spread to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.

More Images of Confucius

Legalism • Founded by Hanfeizi (d. 233 B. C. E) • Based on the belief that human nature is evil and selfish. • Believed social order was achieved through strict leadership and harsh rules and punishment. • This philosophy would greatly influence the emperor credited with uniting China, Qin Shihuangdi.

Daoism • Founded by Laozi during the late Zhou Dynasty. • Laozi’s teachings are recorded in the Dao De Ching. • Believed social harmony and order could be achieved by following the “Way” (Dao) of nature. • Rejected formal social structure and the idea that people must fill specific roles in society. • Daoists believe in renouncing worldly ambitions to follow the path of least resistance, as nature does. For example, water flows around a rock; it doesn’t make the rock an obstacle. • Daoism influenced science, medicine, and the arts in China. Laozi (Master Lao)

Statue of Laozi “Taoist Solitude”

Sources from the Past • Laozi on Living in Harmony with Dao • Confucius on Good Government 1. What is Laozi’s advice to rulers? 2. What is Confucius’s advice to rulers? 3. According to Confucius, what is the most important thing for a leader to provide to the people? 4. What is the main contrast you notice between these two documents/philosophies?

It’s time to play… Name that Ancient Chinese Philosopher!!

“Wealth and rank are what men desire, but unless they be obtained in the right way they may not be possessed. ”

-Confucius Analects

“To put the world in order, we must first put the nation in order; to put the nation in order, we must put the family in order; to put the family in order, we must cultivate our personal life; and to cultivate our personal life, we must first set our hearts right. ”

-Confucius Analects

“To govern the state by law is to praise the right and blame the wrong. ”

-Hanfeizi (Legalism)

A leader is best when people barely know that he exists, not so good when people obey and acclaim him, worst when they despise him. Fail to honor people, They fail to honor you. But of a good leader, who talks little, when his work is done, his aims fulfilled, they will all say, "We did this ourselves. "

-Laozi Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)

No country is permanently strong. Nor is any country permanently weak. If conformers to law are strong, the country is strong; if conformers to law are weak, the country is weak. .

-Hanfeizi (Legalism)

Govern quietly And the people will realize They are responsible For their own wellbeing.

-Laozi Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)

A young man should serve his parents at home and be respectful to elders outside his home. He should be earnest and truthful, loving all, but become intimate with humaneness. After doing this, if he has energy to spare, he can study literature and the arts.

-Confucius Analects

The law does not fawn on the noble. . Whatever the law applies to, the wise cannot reject nor can the brave defy. Punishment for fault never skips ministers, reward for good never misses commoners. Therefore, to correct the faults of the high, co- rebuke the vices of the low, to suppress disorders, to decide against mistakes, to subdue the arrogant, to straighten the crooked, and to unify the folkways of the masses, nothing could match the law.

-Hanfeizi (Legalism)

"A superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds in his actions"

-Confucius Analects

…rewards should be rich and certain so that the people will be attracted by them; punishments should be severe and definite so that the people will fear them; and laws should be uniform and steadfast so that the people will be familiar with them. Consequently, the sovereign should show no wavering in bestowing rewards and grant no pardon in administering punishments, and he should add honor to rewards and disgrace to punishments-when this is done, then both the worthy and the unworthy will want to exert themselves. . .

-Hanfeizi (Legalism)

Knowing others is intelligence; knowing yourself is true wisdom. Mastering others is strength; mastering yourself is true power.

-Laozi Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)

The more laws and order are made prominent, the more thieves and robbers there will be.

-Laozi Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)

The administration of government lies in getting proper men. Such men are to be got by means of the ruler's own character. That character is to be cultivated by his treading in the ways of duty. And the treading those ways of duty is to be cultivated by the cherishing of benevolence.

-Confucius Analects

The superior man does what is proper to the station in which he is; he does not desire to go beyond this. In a position of wealth and honor, he does what is proper to a position of wealth and honor. In a poor and low position, he does what is proper to a poor and low position.

-Confucius Analects

Hence it is said: The ruler must not reveal his desires; for if he reveals his desires his ministers will put on the mask that pleases him.

-Hanfeizi (Legalism)

Basic Social Structure in Classical China • Imperial, ruling family and top government officials (the Confucian bureaucracy, or scholarly class, sometimes called Mandarins) • Landowning aristocracy • Peasants and artisans • Merchants (Though merchants could become wealthy, they were generally scorned by Confucian scholars and elites. Wealthy merchants wanted sons to become scholars and gov. officials to raise status of family. ) • Unskilled laborers, performing artists, and household slaves

Crash Course World History Episode #7 1. What are the concepts of junzi, ren, and li, and how did these ideas impact Chinese society and culture?

The Qin Dynasty of China (221 B. C. E. – 210 B. C. E. ) • The Qin family ruled a feudal state on the western border of Zhou territory. • A Qin ruler named Zheng (later called Qin Shihuangdi) took advantage of the weakened Zhou, conquering them by 221 B. C. E. • Qin was a harsh, legalist ruler, but an effective administrator. • He reorganized the empire into military districts, and appointed loyal officials to administer them (this basically ended feudalism by weakening the feudal lords. ) He also unified the country and centralized the government. • Qin ordered the creation of a standard system of weights and measures, coins, laws, and writing. • Qin used forced labor to connect and extend the Great Wall. • he also seized land, levied taxes, and censored and burned books. • Qin died in 210 B. C. E. , and was succeeded by his son who was quickly overthrown.

The Boundary of the Qin Dynasty

The Great Wall

The Han Dynasty (202 B. C. E. – 220 C. E. ) • The Han Dynasty was founded by a peasant leader who overthrew the Qin. • Liu Bang (Emperor Gao Zu) eased the harsh legalist policies of the Qin. • The Han period is considered a golden age; even after the dynasty, the Chinese referred to themselves as the “people of Han. ” • The most famous Han ruler was the emperor Wudi. • Wudi expanded the Silk Road and trade with the West (including the Roman Empire. ) • He expanded China’s borders to include Korea, Manchuria, and parts of Southeast Asia. • He strengthened the economy. • Wudi also strengthened the civil service system – government officials had to pass an examination – in theory, merit was more important than birth • Han achievements include: paper, watermills, the compass, the seismograph, porcelain, and acupuncture to name a few. Emperor Wudi

The Boundaries of Han China

Liu Bang (Emperor Gao Zu) Founder of the Han Dynasty

Classical India

India’s Geography • The Indian subcontinent is somewhat separated from the rest of Asia, with mountains creating a barrier in the northeast and northwest. • However, India was more open to outside influence and diverse groups than China. • India was influenced by Middle Eastern civilizations, including Persia, as well as the Mediterranean world. • Differing regions within the subcontinent made unity difficult. Therefore much of Indian history is characterized by regional kingdoms and differing cultures and dialects.

The Foundations of Indian Culture and Society • Around 1500 BCE, a nomadic Indo. European group known as the Aryans invaded/migrated into the Indus River Valley. • Ancient Indian history from the time of the Aryan migration is divided into periods: The Vedic Age (about 1500 – 1000 B. C. E. ) and the Epic Age (1000 – 600 B. C. E. ) • Archaeologists and historians believe the Aryans may have encountered and absorbed the Indus River Valley civilization. • Cultural diffusion between the Aryans and these indigenous peoples, known as Dravidians, occurred.

• As the Aryans settled down to agriculture, political structure became based on village organization, with village chiefs initially drawn from the leadership of Aryan tribes. • The Indian caste system began to develop in the Vedic and Epic Ages • Gradually, one’s caste, or social group became hereditary, and marriage between castes was forbidden. • The caste system was made up of four main varnas, which are similar to classes, and many sub categories within each class known as jati.

The Four Varnas of Ancient India (The Caste System) Brahmins Kshatriyas Vaisyas Sudras Pariahs

Hinduism • Developed over time; no single founder • Aryan religious traditions were eventually written down in the sacred Vedas. • Vedas (and all classical Hindu literature) written in Sanskrit • Hinduism is cyclical; goal is to achieve release from the cycle of reincarnation; term for this is Moksha • No missionary activity, but Hinduism is an inclusive religion • There are many gods, but the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva is most important; most gods are incarnations of these three

Hinduism continued… • The Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Bhagavad Gita are important epics which explain religious beliefs and values. • The Upanishads are a collection of philosophical texts which discuss Hindu philosophy, beliefs, and values, and many have a mystical tone. (Mystical, or mysticism, refers to the individual search for the divine, or the individual’s desire to commune with the divine. Fasting, meditation, and intense prayer are common mystical activities in which people try to get closer to god. )

Images of Hinduism

Brahma – The creator

Vishnu – The Preserver

Shiva – The Destroyer

Rama and Sita (from the Ramayana) Ganesh

The Hindu Creation Story of ‘Purusha the Primal Man’ The Rig Veda (Book X, Chapter 90, verses 1‑ 3 and 9‑ 12) tells the Creation story of Purusha the Primal Man. Purusha is a divine being, a cosmic giant who existed even before time began. He split up, exploded, or spread out into all directions and created the gods and the Universe itself. From him came all the spiritual beings in heaven, as well as all the remainder of everything that is in the earthly world, both the living and the non-living. Here is a slightly edited version of the story:

The Primal Man (Purusha) had a thousand heads, eyes and feet. He filled the earth completely. Indeed his body was larger than this world. The Primal Man fills this universe and represents the past, the present and the future. He is eternal and outgrows the universe by consuming sacrificial food. The visible world is only a quarter of his greatness. The remaining three quarters are hidden in the immortal Heaven. From the complete explosive self-sacrifice of Purusha came forth all the sacred sounds of creation. From it also arose all things and lives and minds that are born into the world, including horses and other creatures with teeth in either jaw, like cattle, sheep and goats. When the Primal Man split up, into how many parts was He divided? What represented his mouth, arms, thighs and feet? The Brahmin (priest) was his mouth, the Kshatriya (warrior/king) his arms, the Vaishya (merchant) his thighs and the Shudra (peasants) were born from his feet. ’

Buddhism • Began in northern India during the 6 th century B. C. E. • The founder, Siddhartha Gautama, was a Kshatriya prince, born in 566 B. C. E. • Buddha means “enlightened one” • Buddhism rejected some of the fundamental principles of Hinduism, including the caste system and power of the priestly Brahmins.

• The basic philosophy of Buddhism is based on the Four Noble Truths: 1. 2. 3. 4. All people experience sorrow Sorrow is caused by desire Sorrow and suffering will end if desires are eliminated Eliminate desires by following the Eightfold Path: -right views -right goals -right speech -right conduct -right livelihood -right effort -right mindfulness (control thoughts) -right contemplation (meditation)

Images of Buddhism The Birth of Siddhartha Gautama

Relic depicting Siddhartha Gautama leaving home. “The Great Departure” c. 1 – 2 nd century.

This is a picture of a wall painting in a Laotian temple, depicting the Bodhisattva Gautama (Buddha-to-be) undertaking extreme ascetic practices before his enlightenment. A god is overseeing his striving, and providing some spiritual protection. The five monks in the background are his future 'five first disciples', after Buddha attained Full Enlightenment.

Dhamek Stupa in Uttar Pradesh, (located in northern India, and built by Ashoka) where the Buddha gave his first sermon.

Where are these Buddha’s from? ? ? 2. 1. 5. 4. 3.

Create a Venn Diagram or T-chart comparing Hinduism and Buddhism. Take into account the following components of religion in your comparison: The 10 Components of Religion: 1. Scripture 2. Myths and stories 3. The “ultimate” or the holy 4. Quest or goal 5. Sacred spaces 6. Community of believers 7. Rituals 8. Beliefs, dogma, edicts, etc. 9. Ethics and moral component 10. Key figures, prophets, martyrs, etc.

Write a practice thesis statement for the following prompt: Compare the beliefs and practices of Hinduism and Buddhism.

The Spread of Buddhism 1. When did Buddhism begin? 2. When did Buddhism arrive in China? Sri Lanka? Korea? Japan? 3. How long did it take for Buddhism to spread to Japan?

The Mauryan Empire of India (321 B. C. E. - 185 B. C. E. ) • • • Chandragupta Maurya was a military officer who came to power in 321 B. C. E. after defeating Greek invaders. Mauryan government borrowed political examples from both Persian and Greek models. He controlled a large empire by maintaining a strong army. He enforced harsh policies against dissenters and had a secret police force. He was a harsh but effective administrator.

Asoka’s Enlightened Rule • Asoka was Chandragupta’s grandson. • Became ruler in 274 B. C. E. • He expanded the empire to cover 2/3 of the subcontinent. • After building the empire, and witnessing the destruction caused by his wars, Asoka decided to renounce war and follow the teachings of the Buddha. • Asoka sent missionaries to spread Buddhism throughout India and into other parts of Asia. • He also built roads, hospitals, and veterinary clinics, and had the famous Rock Edicts created. • The decline of the Mauryan Empire began after Asoka’s death in 232 B. C. E. • After the Mauryan Empire fell, India again split into many small warring kingdoms.

Asoka

The Gupta Empire of India (320 C. E. - 550 C. E. ) • Began in 320 C. E. • This period of Gupta rule is known as a golden age of Indian history. • Buddhism declined and Hinduism became the official religion. • Many Hindu temples were built during this period. • Numerous advancements were made during the Gupta Dynasty: 1. 2. 3. 4. principles of algebra the concepts of zero and infinity Arabic numerals astronomers determined the earth is round 5. Gupta doctors set broken bones and perfomed basic operations • Trade with other civilizations (including Rome and China) flourished during the Gupta period. • By 600 C. E. , due to a weakened government and invasions in the Northwest, the Gupta empire broke into small states.