Unit 2 fashion victims a quick introduction to

Unit 2: fashion victims a quick introduction to Word Formation

Types of Word Formation: different ways of creating new words 1. Compounding 2. Prefixation 3. Suffixation 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Conversion Clipping Blends Backformation Acronyms Onomatopoeia Eponyms Toponyms We will center on these 2 ways!

1. Compounding n Definition: Two or more words joined together to form a new word. n Examples: n Home + work homework n Pick + pocket pickpocket n The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. n Types of compounds: n Compound nouns n Compound verbs n Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns 1. Boyfriend 1. Noun + Noun 2. Breakfast 2. Verb + Noun 3. Sunshine, birth control 3. Noun + Verb 4. Software, fast food 4. Adjective + Noun 5. Overboard 5. Particle + Noun 6. Drop-out, plug-in 6. Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs 1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive 1. Noun + Verb 2. Fine-tune 2. Adjective + Verb 3. Overwork 3. Particle + Verb 4. Bad-mouth 4. Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives 1. Capital-intensive 1. Noun + Adjective 2. Deaf-mute 2. Adjective + Adjective 3. Coffee-table 3. Noun + Noun 4. Roll-neck 4. Verb + Noun 5. White-collar 5. Adjective + Noun 6. Before-tax 6. Particle + Noun 7. Go-go 7. Verb-verb

2. Prefixation n Class-changing prefixes: n a asleep Adjective n be bewitch n en enslave Verb to Noun to Verb n Class-maintaining prefixes: n in indefinite Adj to Adj n foreground Noun to N n Etc.

3. Suffixation n Suffixes forming Nouns N from N: -dom kingdom n N from V: -ee employee n N from Adj: -ce dependence n Suffixes forming Verbs n V from N: -ify beautify n V from Adj: -en shorten n Suffixes forming adjectives n Adj from N: -al educational n Adj from V: -able understandable n Adj from Adj: -ish greenish n Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise. n

4. Conversion n Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category. n Types of Conversion Verb to Noun: to hit a hit n Adj to N: a final game a final n N to V: a sign to sign n Adj to V: an empty box to empty n

5. Clipping Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables n Examples: n Gasoline Gas n Hamburger Burger n delicatessen deli n microphone mike

6. Blends Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted. n Examples: n n Motor + hotel Motel Breakfast + lunch Brunch Wireless + Fidelity Wi-fi Sheep + goat Shoat

7. Back-formations Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect morphological analysis. n Examples: n editor (1649) edit (1791) n television (1907) televise (1927) n Paramedical (1921) paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several words and use them as a new word n Examples: n Very Important People/Person VIP n Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia Definition: Words created to sound like thing that they name. English Japanese Tagalog Catalan Cock-a-doo Kokekokko Kuk-kakauk Quirii. Qui ! Meow Nya Niyaw Miaauu !

10. Eponyms Definition: a person after whom a discovery, invention, place, etc. , is named. n Examples: Celsius (Anders Celcius) n Cook Islands (James Cook) n degrees

11. Toponyms Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature. n Examples: States in the USA: n Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish) n Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)

Do you want to practise? Exercises: click here